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This is a list of quickstart guides for Linux programs. # Linux Knowledgebase
# Purpose This is a list of quickstart guides for Linux programs, designed to get the user up and running as fast as possible.
# Style
1. Minimal theory, maximum practical. 1. Minimal theory, maximum practical.
2. The statements should go in order of how likely they are to be used: if `git add` has to be used by everyone, then it should go first. 2. The statements should go in order of how likely they are to be used: if `git add` has to be used by everyone, then it should go first.
3. The scripts should get someone up and running in the shortest possible time. 3. Documents should be similar to well-documented scripts.
4. No explanations for the program. This isn't an introduction or advert, it's a guide for someone who already wants to use a program but doesn't know how. 4. No explanations for the program. This isn't an introduction or advert, it's a guide for someone who already wants to use a program but doesn't know how.
5. No presumed knowledge (except for information held in `basics.md`). 5. It's better explain how to set something up three times than to link or reference a setup.
6. Easy reference. 6. If general knowledge must be presumed, it should be placed into a file named 'basics'.
As little knowledge as possible should be presumed, with required knowledge being internally linked. If general knowledge is presumed, it should be placed into a file named 'basics'.
## Style
The basic style should be something between a very well-commented script and a very short guide.
### Example ### Example

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# Tar Archives # Tar Archives
*C*reate *z*e *f*iles! To create an archive file, just remember:
*C*reate *z*e *f*ile!
> tar czf file.tar.gz file1 file2 > tar czf file.tar.gz file1 file2
@ -18,7 +20,7 @@ Extremely compressed files take longer to compress, but take up less disk space.
> tar cfj super-compressed.tar.bz2 file1 file2 > tar cfj super-compressed.tar.bz2 file1 file2
# ssh backup # ssh backup of partitions
Back up an unmounted partition with ssh: Back up an unmounted partition with ssh:
@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ This then deletes the .xz file. To keep it:
# `zip` # `zip`
Zip file1-3, and make a zip file called 'newsip.zip'. Zip file1-3, into a zip file called 'newzip.zip'.
> zip newsip file1 file2 file3 > zip newsip file1 file2 file3

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Install with:
> sudo apt install at
> sudo pacman -S at
Enable the daemon service with:
> sudo systemctl enable --now atd
Then jobs can be specified with absolute time, such as: Then jobs can be specified with absolute time, such as:
> at 16:20 > at 16:20
@ -8,6 +18,10 @@ Then jobs can be specified with absolute time, such as:
> at teatime > at teatime
Type in your command, e.g.:
> touch /tmp/myFile.txt
The jobs can also be specified relative to the current time: The jobs can also be specified relative to the current time:
> at now +15 minutes > at now +15 minutes

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# STIN, STOUT, STERR
Input is 0, output is 1, error is 2.
Pipe standard output to log.txt while also outputting it.
> cat file.txt |& tee -a log.txt
Copy file and *if* that's successful, delete it where it stands.
> scp archive.tar.gz pi@192.168.0.31:/home/pi && rm archive.tar.gz
A double pipe will try one, and do the other if that fails.
> cp -r ~/Archive ~/Backup || tar czf Archive.tar.gz *
# REGEX
Regular expression characters include:
\\ ^ $ . | ? * + () [] {}
As a result, grep cannot read these characters as literal characters unless they are escaped. E.g.
> grep wtf\\? log.txt
... will search the string 'wtf?' in the file log.txt. Another version is egrep (now used with 'grep -e') which uses more characters as special characters, or fgrep, which treats all characters as literal strings.
# Environmental Variables
PWD, USER, PATH
To display all environmental (but not local) variables, use
> env
Set a variable with
> colour=red
Display your variable with
> echo $colour
Export this to the entire system using:
> export colour=blue
# Search for Programs
Search for commands relevant to `cat`.
> apropos cat
Show files used in the `cat` program.
> whereis cat
Show *which* file is the actual code which runs when you type `cat`:
> which cat
# Working with Text
Convert every tab to ten spaces.
> expand -t 10 file.txt
Or the reverse, with 3 spaces converting to a tab.
> unexpand -t 3 file.txt
Format a file by cutting text after 60 characters.
> fmt -w 60 file.txt
Indent all but the first line of a paragraph.
> fmt -t file.txt
Look at the new lines of a file only:
> tail -f /var/log/syslog
The sort function arranges lines alphabetically. Use -r to reverse and -n to sort by number.
# Sed
Change all examples of hey to hoi in greetings and show that output (does not change file).
> sed 's/hey/hoi/g greetings.txt'
Change each example of 'cat' to 'dog' in the file 'animals.md'.
> sed 's/cat/dog/g' animals.md
# Measurement
Measure how long a script takes for super-autism powers.
> time [bash script]
# Aliases
Make one word equal a longer command with `alias`.
E.g.:
> alias wot='sudo systemd-analyze blame && free -h '
Now when you type 'go', it will perform that entire operation.
# Functions
Make a function which checks if something is a file, and if so, shows it on screen with `cat`:
> function show(){
> file "$1" | grep text &\>/dev/null && cat "$1"
> }
That `$1` refers to the first argument typed after the command.
If you want to run this on a file called `list`, then use:
> show list
...and the list will output, only if it is text.
In total, this functions the same as typing:
> file list | grep text &\>/dev/null && list
Remove a function with:
> unset my_function
# Paths
Every shell has various paths from where it can execute binary files. Find out your current one with:
> echo $PATH
To add a directory to a path, e.g. /usr/share/bin, you can declare it in addition to the old path with:
> PATH=$PATH:/usr/share/bin
And then check it by echoing the path again.
Before this, probably best to check the path exists with:
> if [ -e /usr/share/bin ]; then
> echo yes
> fi
# Pipes, Pedantry and Brackets
Things that [[ ]] statements can do which [ ] statements cannot:
- Intuitive and easy 'and' statements.
- [[ -z $var && -d ~/LK ]]
- Intuitive and easy 'or' statements.
- [[ -d LK || -f ghost-backup.zip ]]
- Simple expression comparisons
- [[ $v1 > $v2 ]]
- Simple expression comparisons with clumsy strings
- [[ item-1 > item-2 ]]
- Vague comparisons
- [[ $answer =~ ^y(es)?$ ]]
# exec
exec will start a process running as just that process. In a bash script, the line:
> unison rat
... will startup `unison` as a sub-process of bash. But:
> exec unison rat
... starts unison as its own process.
# Brace expansion
> mv picture{,-1}.jpg
This expands to
> mv picture.jpg picture-1.jpg
# `for` Statements
for f in *tiff;do
convert "$f" "${f/.tiff/.png}"
done

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@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ Have a look at **a**ll the files:
`. ..` `. ..`
So `.` means 'here' and `..` means 'you see stairs leading downwards'. So `.` means 'here' and `..` means 'you see stairs leading downwards' (e.g. 'the directory behind you').
Find out where you are by **p**rinting out your **c**urrent '**d**irectory' (i.e. 'location'): Find out where you are by **p**rinting out your **w**orking '**d**irectory' (i.e. 'location'):
> pwd > pwd
@ -157,6 +157,10 @@ Make two directories, called 'A', and 'Z':
> mkdir A Z > mkdir A Z
Make a single directory called 'A Z'
> mkdir 'A Z'
# Text Searches # Text Searches
Measure the disk usage of everything ('\*' means 'everything'), and put it in a file called 'disk usage.txt': Measure the disk usage of everything ('\*' means 'everything'), and put it in a file called 'disk usage.txt':

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# Basic Startup
BIOS > MBR > GRUB > Kernel > Init > Run Level
- The BIOS identifies system hardware.
- The Master Boot Record contains partition and filesystem data.
- The Grand Unified Bootloader executes the kernel.
- The Init Executes designates run level (via SysVinit, Upstart, or Systemd).
- Run Level starts the user's session.
The Master Boot Record is a 512 byte file called boot.img which starts the first sectore of core.img into memory (GRUB Stage 1.5), which then executes /boot/grub.
# Access system
Ctrl+c at boot then add in
> rw init=bash
# Run Levels
0: Half
1: Single user mode
2: Multi-user, without NFS
3: Full multi-user mode
4: Unused
5: X11
6: Reboot
None of this is used by humans anymore - it's all systemd.
# Boot Records
'File System Tab' under /etc/fstab keeps track of the partitions and boot order.
The logical voluem manager (LVM) can make non-hardware partitions.
The nomenclature is:
- PV = physical volume
- LV = logical volume
- VG = volume group
# Volume Groups
> sudo vgcreate work-volume /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb4
This creates the volume group 'work-volume', consisting in sdb2 and sdb4.
Now you ahve a volume group, you can use it as part of a new logical volume.
> sudo lvcreate -n noob-lv work-volume
Then scan for all logical volumes on the system with lvscan.
> sudo lvscan
# GRUB
Install a grub with either:
> sudo grub-install /dev/sda
or
> sudo grub2-install /dev/sda
This takes all settings from /etc/fstab.
Then when done editing settings update the script in /boot/grub/grub.cfg (in Debian) or /boot/boot/grub/menu (in other systems).
There are default examples in /etc/grub.d/ (but not on Ubuntu).
Finalize your settings with grub-mkconfig (or grub2-mkconfig), or update-grub.
# Cowardice
If you can't do that, use boot-repair:
> help.ubuntu.com/community/Boot-Repair

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@ -39,22 +39,18 @@ case $CRE in
esac esac
# While and Until # While and Until
This prints from 10 until 2. This prints from 1 until 9.
> declare -i COUNTER > COUNTER=1
> COUNTER=10 > while [ $COUNTER -lt 2 ]; do
> while [ $COUNTER -gt 2 ]; do > ((COUNTER++))
> echo The counter is $COUNTER > echo $COUNTER
> COUNTER=COUNTER-1
> done > done
> exit 0
``` ```
There's also 'until', which stops when something is true, rather than keeping going when something is true. There's also 'until', which stops when something is true, rather than keeping going when something is true.

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Anacron manages crontabs which might not have run because the machine was turned off. The first value shows the days between runs, the second shows how many minutes to wait after a boot to run. # Cron
For example:
> cat /etc/anacrontab
`7 15 cron.daily run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily`
This would run crontab every 7 days, and wait 15 minutes until after boot to run.
Various services from cron exist, e.g. Various services from cron exist, e.g.
> sudo apt -y install cronie > sudo apt -y install cronie
start the cronie with Start the cronie with
> sudo systemctl start cronie > sudo systemctl enable --now cronie
start a cron with Specify a cron job with:
> cron -e > cron -e
@ -34,6 +26,26 @@ For example, you can update the database, meaning searches with 'locate' command
> */30 * * * * /usr/bin/updatedb > */30 * * * * /usr/bin/updatedb
## Syntax
`* * * * *`
These five points refer to:
`minute hour day month weekday`
So '3pm every Sunday' would be:
`0 15 * * 7`
Here 'Sunday' is indicated by "7", and '3pm' is 'the 15th hour'.
The minute is '0' (i.e. '0 minutes past three pm').
Doing the same thing, but only in February, would be:
`0 15 * 2 7`
# Testing with runparts # Testing with runparts
Run-parts runs all executable scripts in a directory. Run-parts runs all executable scripts in a directory.

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@ -10,3 +10,7 @@ Or remove one with
> sudo modprove uvcvideo > sudo modprove uvcvideo
The PC's irritating speaker beep can be really annoying. Disable it with:
> sudo rmmod pcspeaker

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@ -4,6 +4,10 @@ Set layout to British English.
> setxkbmap -layout gb > setxkbmap -layout gb
Or Polish with:
> setxkbmap -layout pl
| Language | short | | Language | short |
|:--------|:------| |:--------|:------|
| Polish | pl | | Polish | pl |

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# Basic Signals If you want to kill a program in a graphical environment, open a terminal and typeL
## Graphical Programs
> xkill
Then click on the application which you want to kill.
## All Programs
To kill a program, find it with:
> pgrep discord
This will give you the UUID, e.g. `19643`.
Kill the program with:
> kill 19643
## Types of Kill
To see an ordered list of termination signals: To see an ordered list of termination signals:
@ -8,3 +28,26 @@ To see an ordered list of termination signals:
6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1 6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1
11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM 11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM
You can select these levels with a '- number'.
Higher numbers are roughly equivalent to insistence.
For example:
> kill -1 3498
This roughly means 'maybe stop the program, if you can, maybe reload'.
Or the famous:
> kill -9 3298
This means 'kill the program dead, now, no questions, dead'.
**Beware** - if Firefox starts another program to connect to the internet, and you `kill -9 firefox`, this will leave all of Firefox's internet connection programs ("children") still there, but dead and useless.
- A dead program which sits there doing nothing is known as a 'zombie'.
- A program which is run by another program is called a 'child program'.
- A child whose parent program is dead is called an 'orphan'.
- A child who remains running despite being useless because the parent is dead is called an 'orphan zombie'.

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#!/bin/sh
pacman -S gitea postgresql
sudo su postgres -c 'initdb -D /var/lib/postgres/data'
sudo systemctl start postgresql
sudo su postgres -c 'createuser -P gitea'
sudo su postgres -c 'createdb -O gitea gitea'
sudo sed -i 's/mysql/postgres/' /etc/gitea/app.ini
sudo sed -i 's/root/gitea/' /etc/gitea/app.ini
sudo systemctl start gitea