commit 64be90de80dd0f47ed45503539cbb71250e15b90
Author: nothke <nothke@gmail.com>
Date:   Thu Aug 8 20:39:18 2024 +0200

    Initial

diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..298c70a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+.vscode/
+zig-*/
+.zig-*/
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a9a393c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+See [talk notes](talk.md)
+
+To run `zig build run`
+
+To build C samples, run:
+- `zig cc c\string_append_or.c -o "bin\string_append_or.exe"`
+- `zig cc c\malloc.c -o "bin\malloc.exe"`
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/build.zig b/build.zig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..451e8ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build.zig
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+const std = @import("std");
+
+pub fn build(b: *std.Build) void {
+    const target = b.standardTargetOptions(.{});
+    const optimize = b.standardOptimizeOption(.{});
+
+    const exe = b.addExecutable(.{
+        .name = "decentrala-live",
+        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
+        .target = target,
+        .optimize = optimize,
+    });
+
+    b.installArtifact(exe);
+
+    const run_cmd = b.addRunArtifact(exe);
+
+    run_cmd.step.dependOn(b.getInstallStep());
+
+    if (b.args) |args| {
+        run_cmd.addArgs(args);
+    }
+
+    const run_step = b.step("run", "Run the app");
+    run_step.dependOn(&run_cmd.step);
+
+    const exe_unit_tests = b.addTest(.{
+        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
+        .target = target,
+        .optimize = optimize,
+    });
+
+    const exe_check = b.addExecutable(.{
+        .name = "check_step",
+        .root_source_file = b.path("src/main.zig"),
+        .target = target,
+        .optimize = optimize,
+    });
+
+    const check = b.step("check", "Check if project compiles");
+    check.dependOn(&exe_check.step);
+
+    const run_exe_unit_tests = b.addRunArtifact(exe_unit_tests);
+
+    const test_step = b.step("test", "Run unit tests");
+    test_step.dependOn(&run_exe_unit_tests.step);
+}
diff --git a/build.zig.zon b/build.zig.zon
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ac4852
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build.zig.zon
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+.{
+    // This is the default name used by packages depending on this one. For
+    // example, when a user runs `zig fetch --save <url>`, this field is used
+    // as the key in the `dependencies` table. Although the user can choose a
+    // different name, most users will stick with this provided value.
+    //
+    // It is redundant to include "zig" in this name because it is already
+    // within the Zig package namespace.
+    .name = "decentrala-intro-talk",
+
+    // This is a [Semantic Version](https://semver.org/).
+    // In a future version of Zig it will be used for package deduplication.
+    .version = "0.0.0",
+
+    // This field is optional.
+    // This is currently advisory only; Zig does not yet do anything
+    // with this value.
+    //.minimum_zig_version = "0.11.0",
+
+    // This field is optional.
+    // Each dependency must either provide a `url` and `hash`, or a `path`.
+    // `zig build --fetch` can be used to fetch all dependencies of a package, recursively.
+    // Once all dependencies are fetched, `zig build` no longer requires
+    // internet connectivity.
+    .dependencies = .{
+        // See `zig fetch --save <url>` for a command-line interface for adding dependencies.
+        //.example = .{
+        //    // When updating this field to a new URL, be sure to delete the corresponding
+        //    // `hash`, otherwise you are communicating that you expect to find the old hash at
+        //    // the new URL.
+        //    .url = "https://example.com/foo.tar.gz",
+        //
+        //    // This is computed from the file contents of the directory of files that is
+        //    // obtained after fetching `url` and applying the inclusion rules given by
+        //    // `paths`.
+        //    //
+        //    // This field is the source of truth; packages do not come from a `url`; they
+        //    // come from a `hash`. `url` is just one of many possible mirrors for how to
+        //    // obtain a package matching this `hash`.
+        //    //
+        //    // Uses the [multihash](https://multiformats.io/multihash/) format.
+        //    .hash = "...",
+        //
+        //    // When this is provided, the package is found in a directory relative to the
+        //    // build root. In this case the package's hash is irrelevant and therefore not
+        //    // computed. This field and `url` are mutually exclusive.
+        //    .path = "foo",
+
+        //    // When this is set to `true`, a package is declared to be lazily
+        //    // fetched. This makes the dependency only get fetched if it is
+        //    // actually used.
+        //    .lazy = false,
+        //},
+    },
+
+    // Specifies the set of files and directories that are included in this package.
+    // Only files and directories listed here are included in the `hash` that
+    // is computed for this package. Only files listed here will remain on disk
+    // when using the zig package manager. As a rule of thumb, one should list
+    // files required for compilation plus any license(s).
+    // Paths are relative to the build root. Use the empty string (`""`) to refer to
+    // the build root itself.
+    // A directory listed here means that all files within, recursively, are included.
+    .paths = .{
+        "build.zig",
+        "build.zig.zon",
+        "src",
+        // For example...
+        //"LICENSE",
+        //"README.md",
+    },
+}
diff --git a/c/malloc.c b/c/malloc.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a24b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/malloc.c
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main() {
+    int* ptr = malloc(sizeof(int));
+
+    *ptr = 4;
+
+    free(ptr);
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c/raii.cpp b/c/raii.cpp
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/raii.cpp
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+#include <iostream>
+#include <vector>
+
+class MyClass
+{
+public:
+    void* ptr;
+
+    MyClass()
+    {
+        ptr = malloc(sizeof(100000000));
+    }
+
+    ~MyClass()
+    {
+        free(ptr);
+    }
+};
+
+MyClass myClass;
+
+int main()
+{
+    std::vector<MyClass> vec;
+    vec.push_back({});
+
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/c/string_append_or.c b/c/string_append_or.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb760e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/c/string_append_or.c
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main() {
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < 5; i++)
+    {
+        printf("Number is: " + i);
+    }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/main.zig b/src/main.zig
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index 0000000..57d7d8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main.zig
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+const std = @import("std");
+
+fn calc(a: i32) i32 {
+    return a;
+}
+
+const SOmethin = enum {
+    One,
+    Two,
+    Three,
+};
+
+
+fn Optional(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        valid: bool,
+        value: T,
+    };
+}
+
+fn add(a: anytype, b: anytype) @TypeOf(a + b) {
+    return a + b;
+}
+
+const DivisionError = error{DivisionByZero};
+
+fn divide(a: f32, b: f32) !f32 {
+    if (b == 0)
+        return DivisionError.DivisionByZero;
+
+    return a / b;
+}
+
+pub fn main() !void {
+    
+
+    std.debug.print("All your {s} are belong to us.\n", .{"codebase"});
+
+    const vec = @Vector(4, i32){ 1, 0, 1, 0 };
+    const vec2 = @Vector(4, i32){ 0, 1, 0, 1 };
+
+    std.debug.print("vec: {}", .{vec + vec2});
+}
diff --git a/src/main2.zig b/src/main2.zig
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index 0000000..43ed6f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/main2.zig
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+const std = @import("std");
+const Other = @import("other.zig");
+const WRB = @import("rbuff.zig").WrappingRingBuffer;
+
+const Vector2D = packed struct {
+    x: i5 = 2,
+    y: i23,
+
+    fn name(self: Vector2D) void {
+        _ = self; // autofix
+
+    }
+
+    fn init() void {}
+    fn deinit() void {}
+};
+
+fn add(a: *i32, b: i32) i32 {
+    a.* = 3;
+    return a.* + b;
+}
+
+const DivideError = error{
+    DivivisionError,
+};
+
+fn divide(a: f32, b: f32) !f32 {
+    if (b == 0) {
+        return DivideError.DivivisionError;
+    } else {
+        return a / b;
+    }
+}
+
+fn Optional(comptime T: type) type {
+    return struct {
+        value: T,
+        exists: bool,
+    };
+}
+
+const Person = struct {
+    name: []const u8,
+};
+
+const Horse = struct {
+    canRide: bool = false,
+    rider: ?*const Person = null,
+};
+
+const Duck = struct {
+    friend: ?*Animal = null,
+    gone: bool = false,
+};
+
+const AnimalType = enum {
+    Horse,
+    Duck,
+    Person,
+};
+
+const Animal = union(AnimalType) {
+    Horse: Horse,
+    Duck: Duck,
+    Person: Person,
+};
+
+pub fn main() !void {
+    var gpa = std.heap.GeneralPurposeAllocator(.{}){};
+    const alloc = gpa.allocator();
+    defer _ = gpa.deinit();
+
+    var list = std.ArrayList(i32).init(alloc);
+    defer list.deinit();
+    try list.append(324);
+    try list.append(456);
+
+    for (list.items) |item| {
+        std.log.debug("item: {}", .{item});
+    }
+
+    var animal = Animal{ .Horse = .{ .canRide = true } };
+
+    const person = Person{ .name = "Dragutin" };
+
+    if (animal == .Horse) {
+        animal.Horse.rider = &person;
+    }
+
+    switch (animal) {
+        .Horse => |*horse| horse.rider = &person,
+        else => {},
+    }
+
+    var personAnimal = Animal{ .Person = .{ .name = "Aleksa" } };
+
+    var duck = Duck{ .friend = &personAnimal };
+
+    duck.gone = true;
+
+    std.log.debug("Rider name: {s}", .{if (animal.Horse.rider) |rider| rider.name else "none"});
+
+    {
+        std.log.info("Ring buffer!", .{});
+
+        var rbuff = try WRB(i32).initCapacity(alloc, 32);
+        defer rbuff.deinit();
+
+        if (rbuff.isEmpty())
+            try rbuff.pushBack(14);
+
+        try rbuff.pushBack(16);
+        try rbuff.pushBack(2);
+
+        const front = rbuff.frontPtr();
+        front.* = 333;
+
+        var iter = rbuff.iter();
+
+        while (iter.next()) |*value| {
+            std.log.info("rbuff value: {}", .{value});
+        }
+
+        std.log.info("the end!", .{});
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/other.zig b/src/other.zig
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/other.zig
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+const main = @import("main.zig");
+
+pub const pi = 3.14;
+
+pub fn add() i32 {
+    try main.main();
+
+    return 3;
+}
diff --git a/talk.md b/talk.md
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+++ b/talk.md
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+## Intro
+
+Before we start:
+- might be running slow - streaming + old laptop
+- no slides, just text
+- live coding demo
+- will try to cover most cool things
+    - but no multithreading/async/atomics and C interop details in talk
+
+Who am I?:
+- Ivan Notaroš - nothke
+- indie gamedev for 10+ years
+- studied architecture
+- started by modding - 3D modeling
+- Unity, C# since ~2013
+- many game jams: https://nothke.itch.io/
+- Unity had too many limitations, esp for procgen, progressively went lower level
+- custom engine in C++ since 2020
+    - making a rally game: Shakedown Rally in it
+- heard of Zig a few years ago
+    - kept hearing of cooler and cooler features
+    - started making an engine just to see how easy it would be to move C++ to Zig
+- I stream gamedev on twitch too: https://twitch.tv/nothke
+- Windows user all my life 😢
+
+## Zig
+- Hard to put in an elevator pitch
+- Fell in love with language and community - https://ziglang.org
+- Don't know where to start, I'll try my best
+
+Zig (language) facts:
+- Zig is an imperative,
+- structured,
+- general-purpose,
+- statically typed,
+- compiled,
+- system programming language
+
+History:
+- designed by Andrew Kelley
+    - https://andrewkelley.me
+- first version (0.1) since 2016
+- currently at 0.14 dev, 0.13.0 stable
+- since 0.10 - self-hosted
+- since 2020, Zig software foundation: https://ziglang.org/news/announcing-zig-software-foundation/
+
+Goals:
+- "better C"
+- simple, clear, readable
+- very explicit
+- maintainable
+- robust
+- sane defaults
+- fast: runtime AND compile
+- no hidden allocations
+- write all in Zig
+- minimal dependencies
+- no UB in debug or safe
+- unambigous, context-free syntax
+- one obvious way to do things
+
+Some really cool bits (apart from already mentioned):
+- all-in-one cross-compiling toolchain
+- include and seamlessly interoperate with C code
+- comptime - powerful metaprogramming - written in zig
+- integrated build system - written in zig
+- no hidden allocations - easy to reason about memory
+- amazing standard library
+    - which is completely comprehensible! (unlike C++ STL 😛)
+- decentralized package manager
+- zls
+- pointer disambiguation
+- no exceptions - error types
+- no header files (!!!)
+- bit-packing types
+- SIMD vectors
+- no function or operator overloads
+- strong formatting convention
+- OOP-lite
+- no macros
+- if it looks like a function, its a function. Fields are just fields!
+
+### The toolchain
+- all-in-one
+- cross compile from-to any system
+- compile C and C++
+- include C code
+    - translate-c - C to zig
+    - -ofmt=c - zig to C
+- very fast
+- build system written in Zig
+    - just `zig build run`
+    - no CMake!
+- integrated tests
+- 4 compiler modes `--release=[mode]` :
+    - debug
+    - safe
+    - fast
+    - small
+- lazy compiler
+    - only compiles what you use
+
+## Live demo!
+
+### installing
+- with VSCode:
+    - install Zig extension
+    - ctrl+shift+P
+        - install zig
+        - install zls
+- alternatively:
+    - with zvm https://www.zvm.app/
+        - `zvm i --zls master` or `0.13.0` (for now)
+    - install binary
+        - build zls
+    - sudo apt install zig
+
+### Language walkthrough
+
+const and var
+- `: T =`
+- initialization
+- `const` - immutable
+    - const resolved at compile time if it can be
+    - can act as an alias to types
+- `var` - mutable
+
+integers
+- unsigned: `u8`, `u16`, `u32`..
+- signed: `i8`, `u16`, `u32`..
+- but also arbitrary width: `i2`, `u6`, `i31`..
+- casting - peer type resolution
+    - narrow to wide - allowed
+    - wide to narrow - disallowed, must be explicit @intCast
+        - if compile-time known - casting checked at compile time
+- overflow is an error
+    - but explicit overflow operator `+%`, `-%`
+- Note: `const a = 1;` is a `comptime_int`
+
+- floats `f16`, `f32`, `f64`, `f128` and `f80`
+
+pointers (single item):
+- `*T`
+- `&` - address of operator
+- can't be null
+- (..we'll come back to more pointers..)
+
+`[N]T` - arrays
+- on stack, compile-time known size
+    - size part of type
+- `[3]T`
+- `[_]T` - inferred size from initialization
+- unambiguously values
+    - unlike C which pretend to be pointers
+
+`[]T` - slices
+- `const slice: []T = &arr;`
+- or `const slice = arr[0..];`
+
+strings
+- what strings..? They're just `[]u8`
+- "string class" not needed, `std.mem.-` functions are rich enough for every need
+- For unicode there's `std.unicode.-`
+
+`++` `**` - compile-time array operators
+- `arr ++ arr2` - concatenates
+- `arr ** 3` - repeats
+
+structs
+- `const MyStruct = struct {}`
+- fields
+    - always public
+    - rearranged to better fit memory
+        - unless `extern`
+    - can be default initialized
+- are namespaces
+- namespaced functions
+    - if first parameter is `MyStruct`, acts as a "method"
+    - if self needs to mutate, pass as pointer `self: *MyStruct`
+- initialization
+    - uninitialized fields not allowed
+        - (but fields can be default initialized ^)
+    - force uninitialized with `= undefined`
+        - explicitely shoot yourself in the foot! (unlike C)
+- files are structs too!
+- `packed`
+    - bools become 1 bits
+    - arbitrary-sized ints become bit-sized
+- no ctors/dtors - more on that later..
+
+enums and unions
+- enums
+- (bare) unions
+    - known which type
+    - no type punning
+- tagged unions
+    - use a backing enum
+    - switch
+    - polymorphism on stack!
+- ^ enums and unions also act as namespaces that can have functions! 😉
+
+Zig has no operator overloads!
+- = is always a (shallow) copy
+- [] only works on arrays, slices and multi-item pointers
+- & always a pointer to - looking at C++
+
+But I'm a gamedev and really need my vector arithmetic overloads 😭
+- Don't worry! There are built-in Vectors! 😍
+
+`@Vector(3, i32)`
+- SIMD out of the box
+- can index
+- cannot loop through
+    - but can cast into compatible array `[3]f32 = @Vector(3, f32)`
+
+functions
+- `fn`
+- parameters always const
+    - compiler can infer copy or const-ref, depending on size
+    - params
+- return must be known
+    - but comptime expressions possible
+- function pointers
+
+control flow
+- `if (bool)`
+- `while (bool)`
+- `for (array) |x| {}`
+    - `|x|` capture bars
+        - expression creates variable
+    - range `0..`
+    - multi-item
+    - inline - unrolls loops
+- switch
+    - exhaustive
+
+!?
+- `!T` errors and `?T` optionals
+- ! error unions
+    - error enum
+    - type example: divide by zero
+    - handling errors:
+        - try
+        - catch
+        - switch
+- ? optionals
+    - can be `null`
+    - `?*T` - nullable pointers
+        - don't consume extra space
+    - `opt.?` unwraps value, if null throws error
+    - `opt orelse 0` if null use another value
+    - `if (opt) |value| {}` if not null, unwraps
+    - `while (opt) |value| {}` runs until null
+        - can be used to implement iterators `while (iter.next()) ..`
+
+### Disambiguation of Pointers
+- in C/C++, a pointer can be
+    - dereferenced `*ptr`
+    - indexed `ptr[3]` - and not bounds checked
+    - added to `ptr + 1`
+    - `nullptr`
+    - not known if it points to a null terminated string..? 🤷‍♂️
+
+- Zig disambiguates all these and puts them in separate types:
+    - `*T` - single-item pointer - cannot be indexed
+    - `[]T` - slice - bounded, cannot be dereferenced with t.*
+    - `[*]T` - multi-item pointer - unbounded
+    - `[:0]` - sentinel-terminated, 0 in this case
+    - `?*T` `?[]T` - nullable
+    - `*anyopaque` - equivalent to void*
+    - `*align(1:0:1) T` - pointers can also hold alignment and bit offset in their type
+    - `[*c]` - can do all - but use it only for interoperating with C code!
+    
+- Why? intent is much clearer!
+
+### Comptime
+- no macros, no templates, no constexpr
+- call any function at compile time!
+- types are types
+    - (at compile time only)
+    - can be used to return types to create generics
+        - example: Optional(T)
+- full static reflection
+    - e.g. looping through fields
+        - https://gist.github.com/travisstaloch/71a7a2bc260997abe06016c619b40bf2
+- `anytype`
+    - function parameter type that can ONLY be inferred at compile-time
+    - similar to template function `auto` parameters in C++
+- `comptime var`
+    - can be mutated but only at compile-time
+    - acts as const at runtime
+
+## Memory Management
+
+Memory management in other languages:
+- manual (C) - malloc() free()
+- RAII (C++)
+- GC (Java/C#/python/Go)
+- compile time resolved (rust)
+
+Zig - manual, BUT, unlike C:
+- `defer`
+    - executes at the end of the scope
+    - like RAII - BUT controlled by the user
+    - `errdefer` like defer but only when error is thrown
+- has allocators
+
+### Allocators
+- interface used in std with anything that allocates heap memory
+- PageAllocator 
+    - the "dumb" one
+    - makes syscalls
+- FixedBufferAllocator
+    - provide a buffer, can be on stack
+    - not resizeable
+- GeneralPurposeAllocator
+    - can catch leaks in debug
+- ArenaAllocator
+    - can discard entire chunks
+- TestingAllocator
+    - only available in tests
+
+- Demo how to use with `std.ArrayList`
+
+## Built-in Tests
+- `test "My Test" {}`
+- `std.testing.expect-`
+- just `zig build test`
+
+## Package manager
+- build.zig.zon
+- not centralized
+- hash to check code correctness
+- `zig fetch --save "link"`
+
+## Cons
+- not 1.0 yet
+    - changes from version to version
+    - async not there yet
+- C/C++ ecosystem is much older and versatile
+- no built-in vtable-inheritance (dynamic dispatch)
+    - but you can do your own in comptime
+    - example (old): https://github.com/alexnask/interface.zig
+- no lambdas
+    - but https://github.com/ziglang/zig/issues/6965
+
+## Community and Resources
+- Online:
+    - discord: https://discord.gg/invite/zig
+    - ziggit: https://ziggit.dev/
+    - Dude the Builder: https://www.youtube.com/@dudethebuilder/videos
+- Offline:
+    - Software you can love https://sycl.it/
+    - meetups on zig
+
+## Future of Zig
+- goal of 0.14.0: super fast compile times
+- getting rid of LLVM:
+    - with LLVM 170MB, without 4.4
+
+## Conclusions
+- wHeRe dOeS zIg fIt iN tHe mOdeRn wOrLd??
+    - Aren't you convinced by the talk..?
+    - Reduces friction
+- Companies already using Zig:
+    - Tigerbeetle https://tigerbeetle.com/
+    - Bun https://bun.sh/
+    - Uber (build system)
+- `zig zen`
+- What about Odin, jai..?
+- Will do the same talk in Hamburg for code.talks
+
+Epilogue:
+- Thanks! Now you can code in Zig⚡ !
+- nothke: https://nothke.github.io/
\ No newline at end of file