lk/system/partitions.md
Malin Freeborn ba8026e0c3
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2023-06-17 21:28:20 +02:00

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---
title: "partitions"
tags: [ "Documentation", "System" ]
---
# FDisk Basics
```bash
sudo fdisk /dev/sda
```
- m for help.
- n to make a partition.
- t to mark the partition type (see IDs below).
- w to write the changes to the disk.
Note the asterisk marking the boot partition.
# IDs
| ID | Meaning |
|----|:--------|
|83 |Linux |
| 5 |Extended |
| 82 |Swap |
fdisk will not help with a GPT formatted drive. For this, use gdisk, which is mostly the same.
Now that we have a partition, we can make it into a fileSystem. Most will use:
```bash
sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sdc1
```
or if you're making a swap partition, you can use:
```bash
sudo mkswap /dev/sdb2
```
or for the reiser fileSystem, we can use:
```bash
sudo mkreiserfs /dev/sdc2
```
# File System Types
| Type | Advantages | Disadvantages |
|------|:-----------|:--------------|
|ext2 | |No journaling means that the file offers no crash recovery.
|ext3 | Journaling |
|ext4 | Journaling and handles files of up to 16TB.|
|reiserfs| Journalin and stable.|
|btrfs |Reliable and stable|
|XFS |Journaling, great for large files.|
|VFAT |Comptable with Windows, like FAT32|
# Parted
```bash
sudo parted /dev/sdb
```
# Monitoring
Look at physical and virtual partitions:
```bash
df -h
```
or divide things by inode - the thing which records where files are?
```bash
df -i
```
Examine a fileSystem with:
```bash
sudo dumpe2fs /dev/sda1 | less
```
# Prevention
There are multiple programs which work mostly the same way.
```bash
sudo tune2fs -c 30 /dev/sda1
```
This will check sda1 every 30 boots. It can also be checked every month.
```bash
sudo tune2fs -i 1m /dev/sda1
```
This thing can also make a new label for the System:
```bash
sudo tune2fs -L new_name /dev/sdb3
```
# Repair
Start by unmounting the fileSystem.
```bash
sudo umount /dev/sdc1
```
Then it's time to check.
```bash
sudo fsck /dev/sdc1
```
And possibly repair damage:
```bash
e2fsck -p /dev/sdc1
```
or the same with:
```bash
sudo debugfs /dev/sdc1
```
# Mounting
You can mount with a specified filetype with:
```bash
sudo mount -t ext3 /dev/sdc2 /mnt/stick
```
or if you don't know the type, just try the lot:
```bash
sudo mount -a /dev/sdc1 /mnt/stick
```
# File Systems
xfs and zfs can only be expanded.
# Shrink FileSystem
NB: When I followed these instructions, the process destroyed my data. Seemed fine on the YouTube video.
Check the fileSystem's health:
```bash
sudo e2fsck -f /dev/sdb1
```
Resize the file System to something smaller than what you want, so here I want 500G and so I resize to 450 G.
```bash
resize2fs /dev/sdb1 450G
```
Then delete the partition with either gdisk or fdisk, depending upon the layout.
```bash
sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
```
```bash
d
```
Then make a new fileSystem of the desired type with:
```bash
n
```
And finally resize to the full size you want:
sudo resize2fs /dev/sdb1
And then check your disk again with e2fsck.
(The e2fsck saved my disk in the end, YMMV)
# Logical Volume
Let's start with names. PV = 'Physical Volume', VG = 'Volume Group', and LV = 'Logical Volume'.
Now we can create a volume group out of sdb2 and sdc3:
```bash
sudo vgcreate my-new-vg /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdc3
```
Then make a new logical volume out of the volume group:
```bash
sudo lvcreate -n my-new-lv my-new-vg
```
Then have a look at all logical volumes:
```bash
sudo lvscan
```